var userObject = new Object(); userObject.lastLoginTime = new Date(); alert(userObject.lastLoginTime);
的功能与下面的代码段完全相同:
var userObject = {}; // equivalent to new Object() userObject[“lastLoginTime”] = new Date(); alert(userObject[“lastLoginTime”]);
我们还可以直接在 userObject 的定义中定义 lastLoginTime 属性,如下所示:
var userObject = { “lastLoginTime”: new Date() }; alert(userObject.lastLoginTime);
function func(x) { alert(x); } func(“blah”);
这就是通常在 JavaScript 中定义函数的方法。但是,还可以按以下方法定义该函数,您在此创建匿名函数对象,并将它赋给变量 func
var func = function(x) { alert(x); }; func(“blah2”);
甚至也可以像下面这样,使用 Function 构造函数:
var func = new Function(“x”, “alert(x);”); func(“blah3”);
function sayHi(x) { alert(“Hi, “ + x + “!”); } sayHi.text = “Hello World!”; sayHi[“text2”] = “Hello World... again.”; alert(sayHi[“text”]); // displays “Hello World!” alert(sayHi.text2); // displays “Hello World... again.”

// assign an anonymous function to a variable var greet = function(x) { alert(“Hello, “ + x); }; greet(“MSDN readers”); // passing a function as an argument to another function square(x) { return x * x; } function operateOn(num, func) { return func(num); } // displays 256 alert(operateOn(16, square)); // functions as return values function makeIncrementer() { return function(x) { return x + 1; }; } var inc = makeIncrementer(); // displays 8 alert(inc(7)); // functions stored as array elements var arr = []; arr[0] = function(x) { return x * x; }; arr[1] = arr[0](2); arr[2] = arr[0](arr[1]); arr[3] = arr[0](arr[2]); // displays 256 alert(arr[3]); // functions as object properties var obj = { “toString” : function() { return “This is an object.”; } }; // calls obj.toString() alert(obj);
var myDog = { “name” : “Spot”, “bark” : function() { alert(“Woof!”); }, “displayFullName” : function() { alert(this.name + “ The Alpha Dog”); }, “chaseMrPostman” : function() { // implementation beyond the scope of this article } }; myDog.displayFullName(); myDog.bark(); // Woof!

function displayQuote() { // the value of “this” will change; depends on // which object it is called through alert(this.memorableQuote); } var williamShakespeare = { “memorableQuote”: “It is a wise father that knows his own child.”, “sayIt” : displayQuote }; var markTwain = { “memorableQuote”: “Golf is a good walk spoiled.”, “sayIt” : displayQuote }; var oscarWilde = { “memorableQuote”: “True friends stab you in the front.” // we can call the function displayQuote // as a method of oscarWilde without assigning it // as oscarWilde’s method. //”sayIt” : displayQuote }; williamShakespeare.sayIt(); // true, true markTwain.sayIt(); // he didn’t know where to play golf // watch this, each function has a method call() // that allows the function to be called as a // method of the object passed to call() as an // argument. // this line below is equivalent to assigning // displayQuote to sayIt, and calling oscarWilde.sayIt(). displayQuote.call(oscarWilde); // ouch!
alert(“NaN is NaN: “ + isNaN(NaN)); function x() { this.isNaN = function() { return “not anymore!”; }; } // alert!!! trampling the Global object!!! x(); alert(“NaN is NaN: “ + isNaN(NaN));
Dog spot = new Dog();
将返回一个对象,该对象是 Dog 类的实例。但在 JavaScript 中,本来就没有类。与访问类最近似的方法是定义构造函数,如下所示:
function DogConstructor(name) { this.name = name; this.respondTo = function(name) { if(this.name == name) { alert(“Woof”); } }; } var spot = new DogConstructor(“Spot”); spot.respondTo(“Rover”); // nope spot.respondTo(“Spot”); // yeah!
那么,结果会怎样呢?暂时忽略 DogConstructor 函数定义,看一看这一行:
var spot = new DogConstructor(“Spot”);
// create an empty object var spot = {}; // call the function as a method of the empty object DogConstructor.call(spot, “Spot”);
正如在 DogConstructor 主体中看到的那样,调用此函数将初始化对象,在调用期间关键字“this”将引用此对象。这样,就可以为对象创建模板!只要需要创建类似的对象,就可以与构造函数一起调用“new”,返回的结果将是一个完全初始化的对象。这与类非常相似,不是吗?实际上,在 JavaScript 中构造函数的名称通常就是所模拟的类的名称,因此在上面的示例中,可以直接命名构造函数 Dog:
// Think of this as class Dog function Dog(name) { // instance variable this.name = name; // instance method? Hmmm... this.respondTo = function(name) { if(this.name == name) { alert(“Woof”); } }; } var spot = new Dog(“Spot”);
function respondTo() { // respondTo definition } function Dog(name) { this.name = name; // attached this function as a method of the object this.respondTo = respondTo; }
var buddy = new Dog(“Buddy“);
buddy 所引用的对象将从它的原型继承属性和方法,尽管仅从这一行可能无法明确判断原型来自哪里。对象 buddy 的原型来自构造函数(在这里是函数 Dog)的属性。


var spot = new Dog(“Spot”); // Dog.prototype is the prototype of spot alert(Dog.prototype.isPrototypeOf(spot)); // spot inherits the constructor property // from Dog.prototype alert(spot.constructor == Dog.prototype.constructor); alert(spot.constructor == Dog); // But constructor property doesn’t belong // to spot. The line below displays “false” alert(spot.hasOwnProperty(“constructor”)); // The constructor property belongs to Dog.prototype // The line below displays “true” alert(Dog.prototype.hasOwnProperty(“constructor”));

Dog.prototype = new Object();

- 继承原型对象的对象上可以立即呈现对原型所做的更改,即使是在创建这些对象之后。
- 如果在对象中定义了属性/方法 X,则该对象的原型中将隐藏同名的属性/方法。例如,通过在 Dog.prototype 中定义 toString 方法,可以改写 Object.prototype 的 toString 方法。
- 更改只沿一个方向传递,即从原型到它的派生对象,但不能沿相反方向传递。

function GreatDane() { } var rover = new GreatDane(); var spot = new GreatDane(); GreatDane.prototype.getBreed = function() { return “Great Dane”; }; // Works, even though at this point // rover and spot are already created. alert(rover.getBreed()); // this hides getBreed() in GreatDane.prototype spot.getBreed = function() { return “Little Great Dane”; }; alert(spot.getBreed()); // but of course, the change to getBreed // doesn’t propagate back to GreatDane.prototype // and other objects inheriting from it, // it only happens in the spot object alert(rover.getBreed());
function DateTime() { } // set static method now() DateTime.now = function() { return new Date(); }; alert(DateTime.now());

function filter(pred, arr) { var len = arr.length; var filtered = []; // shorter version of new Array(); // iterate through every element in the array... for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { var val = arr[i]; // if the element satisfies the predicate let it through if(pred(val)) { filtered.push(val); } } return filtered; } var someRandomNumbers = [12, 32, 1, 3, 2, 2, 234, 236, 632,7, 8]; var numbersGreaterThan100 = filter( function(x) { return (x > 100) ? true : false; }, someRandomNumbers); // displays 234, 236, 632 alert(numbersGreaterThan100);
var greaterThan300 = filter( function(x) { return (x > 300) ? true : false; }, someRandomNumbers);
function makeGreaterThanPredicate(lowerBound) { return function(numberToCheck) { return (numberToCheck > lowerBound) ? true : false; }; }
这样,您就可以编写以下代码:
var greaterThan10 = makeGreaterThanPredicate(10); var greaterThan100 = makeGreaterThanPredicate(100); alert(filter(greaterThan10, someRandomNumbers)); alert(filter(greaterThan100, someRandomNumbers));
function Person(name, age) { this.getName = function() { return name; }; this.setName = function(newName) { name = newName; }; this.getAge = function() { return age; }; this.setAge = function(newAge) { age = newAge; }; }
var ray = new Person(“Ray”, 31); alert(ray.getName()); alert(ray.getAge()); ray.setName(“Younger Ray”); // Instant rejuvenation! ray.setAge(22); alert(ray.getName() + “ is now “ + ray.getAge() + “ years old.”);
function Person(name, age) { var occupation; this.getOccupation = function() { return occupation; }; this.setOccupation = function(newOcc) { occupation = newOcc; }; // accessors for name and age }
注意,这些私有成员与我们期望从 C# 中产生的私有成员略有不同。在 C# 中,类的公用方法可以访问它的私有成员。但在 JavaScript 中,只能通过在其闭包内拥有这些私有成员的方法来访问私有成员(由于这些方法不同于普通的公用方法,它们通常被称为特权方法)。因此,在 Person 的公用方法中,仍然必须通过私有成员的特权访问器方法才能访问私有成员:
Person.prototype.somePublicMethod = function() { // doesn’t work! // alert(this.name); // this one below works alert(this.getName()); };

// class Pet function Pet(name) { this.getName = function() { return name; }; this.setName = function(newName) { name = newName; }; } Pet.prototype.toString = function() { return “This pet’s name is: “ + this.getName(); }; // end of class Pet var parrotty = new Pet(“Parrotty the Parrot”); alert(parrotty);

// class Dog : Pet // public Dog(string name, string breed) function Dog(name, breed) { // think Dog : base(name) Pet.call(this, name); this.getBreed = function() { return breed; }; // Breed doesn’t change, obviously! It’s read only. // this.setBreed = function(newBreed) { name = newName; }; } // this makes Dog.prototype inherits // from Pet.prototype Dog.prototype = new Pet(); // remember that Pet.prototype.constructor // points to Pet. We want our Dog instances’ // constructor to point to Dog. Dog.prototype.constructor = Dog; // Now we override Pet.prototype.toString Dog.prototype.toString = function() { return “This dog’s name is: “ + this.getName() + “, and its breed is: “ + this.getBreed(); }; // end of class Dog var dog = new Dog(“Buddy”, “Great Dane”); // test the new toString() alert(dog); // Testing instanceof (similar to the is operator) // (dog is Dog)? yes alert(dog instanceof Dog); // (dog is Pet)? yes alert(dog instanceof Pet); // (dog is Object)? yes alert(dog instanceof Object);
var MSDNMagNS = {}; MSDNMagNS.Pet = function(name) { // code here }; MSDNMagNS.Pet.prototype.toString = function() { // code }; var pet = new MSDNMagNS.Pet(“Yammer”);
var MSDNMagNS = {}; // nested namespace “Examples” MSDNMagNS.Examples = {}; MSDNMagNS.Examples.Pet = function(name) { // code }; MSDNMagNS.Examples.Pet.prototype.toString = function() { // code }; var pet = new MSDNMagNS.Examples.Pet(“Yammer”);
可以想象,键入这些冗长的嵌套命名空间会让人很累。 幸运的是,库用户可以很容易地为命名空间指定更短的别名:
// MSDNMagNS.Examples and Pet definition... // think “using Eg = MSDNMagNS.Examples;” var Eg = MSDNMagNS.Examples; var pet = new Eg.Pet(“Yammer”); alert(pet);
function object(o) { function F() {} F.prototype = o; return new F(); }
然后,由于 JavaScript 中的对象是可延展的,因此可以方便地在创建对象之后,根据需要用新字段和新方法增大对象。
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