2024年1月27日发(作者:)
专项一 词汇 重难点08 动词和动词短语
1.实义动词
1.1.常考动词的用法辨析
(1)look,see,watch,read的区别:
单词
look
see
watch
read
用法
强调“看”的动作,单独使用时,用来引起对方的注意。
强调“看”的结果,意为“看见,看到”。
强调“专注地看”,有欣赏的意味,常用于看电视、看球赛等。
专指“阅读”,用于读书、看报等。
(2)take,spend,pay,cost的区别:
动词
take
spend
pay
cost
(3)borrow,lend,keep的区别:
动词 用法
用法
指“花费”时间,常用it作形式主语,用于“It takes sb.+时间+动词不定式”结构。
意为“花费”时,主语为人,用于“+金钱/时间+on/(in)do-ing sth.”结构。
意为“花费”时,主语为人,用于“+金钱+for sth.”结构。
意为“花费”时,主语为物,用于“ sb.+金钱/时间”结构。
borrow
“借入”,是非延续性动词,常用于borrow sb.结构。
lend
keep
“借出”,是非延续性动词,常用于lend ./lend sb.结构。
表示借某物多长时间,是延续性动词。
(4)wear,put on,dress的区别:
动词
wear
put on
dress
用法
侧重“穿着”的状态,后可接表示颜色、服装的名词。
侧重“穿”的动作,是非延续性动词短语。
后接人作宾语,即 dress sb.结构,意为“给某人穿衣服”。
(5)arrive,reach,get的区别:
动词
arrive
reach
用法
是不及物动词,后接宾语时需要加介词in(大地方),at(小地方)。
是及物动词,后面可以直接加宾语。
get
是不及物动词,后需接介词to,再加宾语。
1.2.及物动词和不及物动词
(1)及物动词:可接单宾语、双宾语和复合宾语结构。
When someone gives me money, I feel they don't think at 后接双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
当有人给我钱时,我感觉他们根本就没有思考。
We elected him monitor of our 后接复合宾语(宾语+宾补)我们选他当我们班的班长。
(2)不及物动词:不及物动词后面一般不可以直接接宾语,但有时不及物动词和介词或副词一起使用,构成动词短语,此时其后可以接宾语。
What will happen without electricity?没有电,会发生什么?
I'm waiting for the bus.我正在等公交车。
1.3.延续性动词和非延续性动词
(1)延续性动词表示一种可持续的行为过程或状态,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。而非延续性动词表示行为或过程在短暂瞬间内完成,不可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已经开始10分钟了。
The film began ten minutes ago.电影10分钟之前就开始了。
(2)延续性动词和非延续性动词的转换:
非延续性动词
leave
have
die
become
延续性动词
be away
begin/start
be dead
be
非延续性动词
borrow
be on
finish
put on
延续性动词
keep
buy
be over
wear
1. 系动词
连系动词指连接主语和表语的动词,主要用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征或状态。连系动词只有主动形式。
分类
表示感官
表示状态、变化等
例词
look 看起来 sound听起来 taste 尝起来 smell闻起来 feel摸起来
be是 keep(使保持 turn 变成 get 变得 remain 依然
prove 证明是
go 变得 grow 逐渐变得 appear 显得 seem看起来 become
变得
例I like soft and gentle music. It sounds nice.我喜欢柔和的音乐。这种音乐听起来不错。
2. 助动词
助动词本身没有词义或意义不完整,不能单独作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,帮助构成否定、疑问、强调或省略等。
3.1.助动词be的用法
be用作助动词和用作连系动词一样,有人称、数和时态的变化,主要用来构成进行时态和被动语态。
例They asked me what I was doing all afternoon.他们问我整个下午一直在做什么。
A new plan was put up at the meeting.会上提出了一个新计划。
3.2.助动词 have的用法
助动词have在句中有人称、数和时态的变化,主要与过去分词一起构成各种完成时态或完成进行时态。
They have been waiting for you for two hours.他们等了你两个小时了。
He has lived in Beijing since he was born.自出生以来,他就住在北京。
3.3.助动词do的用法
助动词do也有人称、数和时态的变化,主要帮助实义动词构成否定句、疑问句。有时可以放在动词原形前起强调作用。
例He didn't go to see the film last Sunday.上周日他没去看电影。
例 I did telephone you last night.昨晚我确实给你打过电话。
用在动词原形前,起强调作用
4.动词短语词义理解考点
4.1.动词+介词
deal with 处理
stick to 坚持
agree with 赞同,同意
pay for 支付
leave for动身前往
suffer from 遭受
grow up 长大
keep on保持,继续
go on 继续
learn about 了解
4.2.动词+副词
(1)put+副词
worry about 担心
look after 照顾
knock at敲击
ask for 请求
lead to导致,引起
laugh at 嘲笑
look into 调查
keep to 保持
belong to属于
收到······(信)
care about 关心
wait for 等待
look for 寻找
depend on依赖,取决于
与······相像
complain about 抱怨
look through 浏览
call in来访
look like 看起来像
hear of 听说
put on增加(体重),穿上
put away收起来,放好
put in 安装
(2)give+副词
give out分发.give up放弃
give off发出,放出
(3)turn+副词
turn up 调高
turn out原来是,证明是,结果是
(4)take+副词
take up 占用,从事
take down 写下
(5)set+副词
set off 出发
(6)come+副词
come out 出版,开花
come on 加油
(7)get+副词
get over 克服
get off 下车
(8)look+副词
put up张贴,举起
put down放下,记下
put through 完成
put off 推迟
put out 熄灭
......
give in 屈服
......
give away 赠送,泄露(秘密)
......
turn on打开
turn down 调低
turn off 关闭
......
take off脱下,起飞
take over 接管
take away 带走
take back 拿回
set up成立,建立 set out 出发,动身
come over 过来
come up上来,上升
come about发生,产生
come true 实现
get to到达
get away 逃离
get in 进入
get on 上车
look over 检查 look up 查阅 look out 当心,小心
(9)动词+up
cheer up 使振作起来
eat up吃光
hurry up 快点儿
wake up 叫醒
(10)其他
hand in上交
work out算出,解决
run out用完,耗尽
try on 试穿
keep off 回避
call off 叫走
show off 炫耀
throw away 扔掉
find out 查明,找出
cut down 砍倒
knock off碰掉,撞倒
go by经过,时光流逝
pick up 捡起
clean up 清除,清理
dress up 盛装打扮
call up 打电话
fix up修理
stay up 熬夜
make up 编造,弥补,组成
cut up 切碎
send for 派人去请
4.3.动词+副词+介词
come up with提出,想出
speak 对······评价高
keep away from 远离
look out for 当心,提防
4.4.动词+名词+介词
move away 搬走 drop in顺便来访
keep up with跟上,赶上
look forward to 期待,盼望
look up to 尊敬
run away from 逃离
get 与······相处
......
look down on看不起,轻视
......
take 照顾····· take 对······感到自豪
make 和······交朋友 pay attention to 注意,留心
4.5.动词+形容词+介词
be 对·····有害 be 害怕······
动词是用来描述主语的动作行为或状态的一类词。动词在句中作谓语,用来说明主语是什么、处于什么状态或做什么。动词有不同的形式,这些形式体现了动作发生的时间、语态等信息。中考对动词的考查方式灵活、题型多样。在备战2020年中考时,考生要牢记近义动词及动词短语的不同含义,多做练习,在实践中加以区分。
中考考查重点:1. 动词辨析;2. 动词短语辨析。
典例解析
1.(2022·江苏南通·统考中考真题)Our school held a sports meeting yesterday. (改为否定句)
Our school ________ ________ a sports meeting yesterday.
【答案】 didn’t hold
【详解】句意:我们学校昨天举行了运动会。原句是一般过去时,变否定句需借助于助动词didn’t,其后跟动词原形。held的原形为hold。故填didn’t;hold。
2.(2022·辽宁盘锦·统考中考真题)当鲍勃 (Bob) 到家时,他的姐姐正在做家务。
____________________________________________________________
【答案】When Bob got / arrived home / reached his home, his sister was doing housework
(chores). / His sister was doing housework (chores), when Bob got / arrived home / reached his
home. / Bob got / arrived home / reached his home, while his sister was doing housework (chores).
/ While his sister was doing housework (chores), Bob got / arrived home / reached his home.
【详解】到家:arrive / get / reach home;他的姐姐:his sister;做家务:do housework / chores。结合语境可知,该句的两个动作“到家”和“做家务”分别属于非延续性动词和延续性动词,且动作发生于过去,所以可以使用when或while引导的时间状语从句。“到家”这个动作使用
一般过去时,“做家务”这个动作使用过去进行时。需要注意的是,when可以跟非延续性动词和延续性动词,但是while后一般只跟延续性动词。故填When Bob got / arrived home /
reached his home, his sister was doing housework (chores). / His sister was doing housework
(chores), when Bob got / arrived home / reached his home. / Bob got / arrived home / reached his
home, while his sister was doing housework (chores). / While his sister was doing housework
(chores), Bob got / arrived home / reached his home.
3.(2022·江苏扬州·统考中考真题)不用时,请关掉电灯、电视和电脑。
_______________________________________________________________
【答案】Please turn off the lights, the TV and the computer when they are not in use.
【详解】句子是祈使句,以动词原形开头,please“请”;关掉:turn off;电灯:the ligths;电视:the TV;电脑:the computer;当……时候:when;be in use“在使用中”,从句主语是they“它们”,be动词用are,变否定句时在be动词后加not。故填Please turn off the lights, the
TV and the computer when they are not in use.
一、单项选择
1.(2022·湖北武汉·统考中考真题)—Laura spoke very slowly to people to ________ what she
would say.
—She just wanted to think about what others were feeling.
A.survey
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——劳拉对人说话很慢,以便权衡她要说什么。——她只是想要想想别人的感受。
考查动词辨析。survey调查;weigh权衡;support支持;repeat重复。根据“She just wanted to
think about what others were feeling.”可知要估计别人的感受,需要权衡下自己要说什么,用weigh。故选B。
2.(2022·江苏无锡·统考中考真题)—Does the colour red represent good things in Chinese
culture?
—Yes. But writing one’s name in red is not good, and we usually ________ it.
A.avoid
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——红色在中国文化中代表好东西吗?——是的。但是用红色写名字是不好的,我们通常避免这样做。
考查动词辨析。avoid避免;advise建议;allow允许;accept接受。根据“But writing one’s name
in red is not good”可知,此处指应该避免使用红色写名字。故选A。
B.advise C.allow D.accept
B.weigh C.support D.repeat
3.(2022·辽宁·统考中考真题)—Now we can “plant trees” at the bottom of the sea.
—It’s a new way to __________ the sea.
A.paint
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——现在我们可以在海底“植树”。——这是一种保护海洋的新方法。
考查动词辨析。paint画;protect保护;create创造;describe描述。根据“can ‘plant trees’ at the
bottom of the sea”可知,在海底“植树”是为了保护海洋,故选B。
4.(2022·甘肃·统考中考真题)On the traditional Chinese calendar, Qingming, meaning clear and
bright, is on the fourth or fifth day of April.
A.falls
【答案】A
【详解】句意:在中国传统的日历上,4月4日或5日是清明,意味着清澈和明亮。
考查动词辨析。falls落在,出现,发生;jumps跳跃;walks散步;runs跑步。根据“is on the
fourth or fifth day of April”可知,清明节落在4月4日或5日,故选A。
5.(2022·甘肃·统考中考真题)He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned him down.
A.refused him
【答案】A
【详解】句意:他邀请她去澳大利亚旅行,但她拒绝了。
考查动词和动词短语。refused拒绝;looked at看;hated讨厌;invited邀请;down拒绝。根据“He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned him down.”可知,她拒绝了邀请,turned him down与refused him同义,故选A。
6.(2022·辽宁丹东·统考中考真题)Eric tried to _______ why he was late for work, but his
manager didn’t believe him.
A.warn
【答案】B
【详解】句意:埃里克试图解释他上班迟到的原因,但他的经理不相信他。
考查动词辨析。warn警告;explain解释;imagine想象;mean意味着。结合语境和空后“why
he was late for work, but his manager didn’t believe him”可知埃里克的经理不相信埃里克解释说明的迟到理由,这里用动词explain。故选B。
7.(2022·江苏扬州·统考中考真题)In such cheerful conversation, the time ________ all too
quickly.
A.went up
【答案】C
【详解】句意:在这么欢快的对话中,时间流逝地很快。
B.went down C.went by D.went back
B.explain C.imagine D.mean
B.looked at him C.hated him D.invited him
B.jumps C.walks D.runs
B.protect C.create D.describe
考查动词短语。went up上升;went down沉下;went by流逝;went back追溯。根据“the time”及“too quickly”可知,表达时间流逝地快。用短语“went by”。故选C。
8.(2022·海南·统考中考真题)—It’s said that the Shenzhou-14 astronauts will say hello to us on
Mid-Autumn Day.
—Wonderful! I’m ________ it.
A.getting along with
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——据说神舟14号宇航员将在中秋节向我们问好。——太好了!我很期待。
考查动词短语。getting along with和……相处得很好;staying away from与……保持距离;looking forward to期待做……。根据“Wonderful!”可知,说话人很期待对方说的事。故选C。
9.(2022·湖北武汉·统考中考真题)During the Tang dynasty (唐朝), nearly everything produced
in the world ________ on the streets of Chang’an.
A.is found
【答案】D
【详解】句意:在唐朝,在长安的街道上几乎可以找到世界上所有的东西。
考查时态和语态。主语“nearly everything produced in the world”与动词find之间是动宾关系,此处表示能够被找到,结合“During the Tang dynasty”可知用过去式could表示“能够”,此处是含情态动词的被动语态,用could be found。故选D。
10.(2022·北京·统考中考真题)—_________ I take photos here?
—Sorry, you can’t. It’s not allowed in the museum.
A.Must
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——我可以在这里拍照吗?——对不起,你不能。博物馆不允许拍照。
考查动词辨析。Must必须;Need需要;Can可以;Will将会。根据答语“Sorry, you can’t”可知,用can提问,用can/can’t回答。故选C。
11.(2022·湖北武汉·统考中考真题)—Alex, come down to play football.
—I can’t. Mom said I ________ clean my bedroom before doing anything else.
A.had to
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——Alex,下来踢足球吧。——我不能去。妈妈说我在做其他事情之前必须先打扫我的卧室。
考查动词辨析。had to不得不;will将;used to do过去常常做某事;can能够。根据“Mom said
I… clean my bedroom before doing anything else”可知,妈妈要求做其他事情之前必须先打扫卧室,故选A。
12.(2022·天津·统考中考真题)The book ________ be Mary’s. We can see her name on it.
B.will C.used to D.can
B.Need C.Can D.Will
B.has been found C.will be found D.could be found
B.staying away from C.looking forward to
A.need
【答案】B
B.must C.can’t D.needn’t
【详解】句意:这本书一定是玛丽的。我们可以在上面看到她的名字。
考查情态动词辨析。need需要;must一定;can’t不可能;needn’t不需要。根据“We can see
her name on it.”可知,此处表示肯定推测,故选B。
13.(2022·江苏连云港·统考中考真题)The public sign in the library means people ________
smoke there.
A.could
【答案】D
【详解】句意:图书馆的这个公共标志意味着人们不能在那里吸烟。
考查情态动词。could可以;must必须;couldn’t不可以;mustn’t禁止。根据常识可知,图片这个标志是禁止吸烟,故选D。
14.(2022·四川成都·统考中考真题)—There is a new art museum in our city. You _______ miss
it.
—Thank you. I won’t.
A.can’t
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——在我们城市有一个新的艺术博物馆。你不能错过它。——谢谢。我不会的。
考查情态动词辨析。can’t不能;must必须;needn’t不需要。根据“There is a new art museum
in our city. iss it.”可知,不能错过这个新的艺术博物馆。故选A。
15.(2022·河北·统考中考真题)—Do I have to hand in my report now?
—Of course, you ________. We’re going to discuss it.
A.can
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——我必须现在交报告吗?——当然,你必须这样做。我们要讨论一下。
考查情态动词。can能;can’t不能;must必须;mustn’t禁止。根据“Do I have to hand in my report
now?”可知,句中含有have to“不得不,必须”,此处为肯定回答,使用must。故选C。
16.(2022·江苏扬州·统考中考真题)Protect your hearing. Don’t wait until you ________ hear a
thing.
A.needn’t
【答案】D
【详解】句意:保护你的听力。不要等到你什么也听不见。
考查情态动词。needn’t不必;mustn’t禁止;shouldn’t不应该;can’t不能。根据“Protect your
hearing. Don’t wait hear a thing”可知此处表示“现在就开始保护听力,等不能听到声B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t D.can’t
B.can’t C.must D.mustn’t
B.must C.needn’t
B.must C.couldn’t D.mustn’t
音再保护就晚了”,使用can’t。故选D。
17.(2022·四川达州·统考中考真题)—Who is playing the piano in the music room? Is it Mary?
—No, it ________ be her. She has ________ to Beijing on business.
A.couldn’t; been
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——谁在音乐教室里弹钢琴?是玛丽吗?——不可能是她。她出差去北京了。
考查情态动词和现在完成时的用法。couldn’t不能;can’t不能;mustn’t禁止;has been to去过已回;has gone to去了未回。第一处表示否定推测,且由“Is it Mary?”可知,此句应该一般现在时,此处应该用情态动词can’t,排除A、D;根据“to Beijing on business”可知,出差了,还未回来,用has gone to。故选B。
18.(2022·四川达州·统考中考真题)— Exercising is good for our health.
— You’re right. So I’d rather ________ an hour’s walk than ________ in front of the computer.
A.to take; sit
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——锻炼对我们的健康有好处。——你说得对。所以我宁愿步行一小时也不愿坐在电脑前。
考查非谓语动词。would rather do sth. than do sth“宁愿做……也不愿意做……”,两个空格都是动词原形。故选B。
19.(2022·四川泸州·统考中考真题)—Paul, have you tried this chicken? It’s a special in Luzhou
and has been introduced in the TV program A Bite of China.
—Yes, it ________ hot but delicious.
A.eats
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——Paul,你吃过这种鸡吗? 这是泸州的一个特别菜肴,已经在电视节目《舌尖上的中国》中介绍过。——是的,它吃起来很辣,但是很好吃。
考查动词辨析。eats吃;looks看起来;tastes尝起来;sees看。此空后hot和delicious都是形容词,故此空应填连系动词,排除A和D选项。食物是尝起来美味,故选C。
20.(2022·贵州黔西·统考中考真题)Neither Saturday nor Sunday________ OK because I will be
quite busy these two days.
A.are
【答案】B
【详解】句意:星期六和星期天都不行,因为这两天我会很忙。
考查主谓一致。neither…nor遵循“就近原则”,be动词用离其最近的主语Sunday保持一致,故此空应填is,故选B。
B.is C.am D.be
B.looks C.tastes D.sees
B.take; sit C.take; sitting D.to take; sitting
B.can’t; gone C.can’t; been D.mustn’t; gone
二、完成句子
21.(2022·江苏常州·统考中考真题)女足运动员们对自己要求非常严格,所以她们取得了很大的进步。
Women football players were _____________________________________.
【答案】very strict with themselves, so they have made great progress
【详解】be very strict with oneself“对某人自己要求非常严格”,so所以,they她们,make great
progress取得了很大的进步。根据句意可知,后半句时态是现在完成时,故填very strict with
themselves, so they have made great progress。
22.(2022·辽宁大连·统考中考真题)坚持下去!如果你放弃了,你就真的失败了。
Keep going! ________.
【答案】If you give up, you will really fail
【详解】分析题干可知,本句是if引导的条件状语从句,遵循“主将从现”的原则;you“你”,作主语;固定短语give up“放弃”;fail“失败”,动词;really“真正地”,副词修饰动词。故填If you give up, you will really fail。
23.(2022·湖北荆州·统考中考真题)My mom often ________ Grandma Wang when she is in
hospital.
王奶奶住院时,我妈妈经常照看她。(take)
【答案】takes care of
【详解】根据中英文对照可知要翻译的是“照看”,take care of“照顾,照看”;根据“often”和后面的“is”可知句子时态为一般现在时,主语为第三人称单数,应用take的第三人称单数形式takes。故填takes care of。
24.(2022·湖北荆州·统考中考真题)Look! Jack ________ . Let’s join him.
瞧!杰克正在踢足球,我们也去吧。(play)
【答案】is playing soccer
【详解】根据汉语句意和“Look”,可知该句应用现在进行时,其谓语动词结构为:am/is/are+现在分词。Jack为第三人称单数,be动词故用is。play soccer“踢足球”,动词play的现在分词为playing。故填is playing soccer。
25.(2022·广东广州·统考中考真题)凯特想知道她是否能为科学日做些事。
Kate wondered ______ ______ ______ ______ something for the Science Day.
【答案】 if she could do
【详解】动词“wondered”后面是宾语从句,是一般过去时,从句是陈述句的语序,即“引导词+主语+谓语动词”的结构。表达“是否”用“if”引导从句。从句的主语是“她”,翻译为“she”。表达“能”用情态动词“could”,后接动词原形,表达“做”用动词“do”。故填if;she;could;
do。
26.(2022·内蒙古通辽·统考中考真题)无论我走到哪里,没有什么能把我和我的祖国分开。
Wherever I go, nothing can make me ________ ________ my motherland.
【答案】 separate from
【详解】“与……分离”为separate from;又因为make sb. do sth.意为“让某人做某事”,故填separate; from。
三、句型转换
27.(2022·江苏南通·统考中考真题)Every day the boy goes to school on foot to go green. (对划线部分提问)
________ ________ the boy go to school every day to go green?
【答案】 How does
【详解】句意:男孩每天步行上学是为了环保。划线部分“on foot”是对方式进行提问,用特殊疑问词how;再由题干可知句子是一般现在时,主语是the boy,“goes”是实义动词,一般疑问句需要借助于助动词“does”。故填How;does。
28.(2022·甘肃·统考中考真题)Tom goes to school with his best friend every day. (对画线部分提问)
________ ________ Tom go to school with every day?
【答案】 Who does
【详解】句意:汤姆每天和他最好的朋友一起去上学。画线部分表示人,用who提问,原句谓语动词是动词三单goes,此处用助动词does。故填Who;does。
29.(2022·重庆·统考中考真题)I brush my teeth twice a day. (改为否定句)
I ________ my teeth twice a day.
【答案】don’t brush
【详解】句意:我一天刷两次牙。句子是含有实义动词的一般现在时,主语是I,变否定句时借助助动词don’t,后加动词原形。故填don’t brush。
30.(2022·上海·统考中考真题)The new robots help passengers with their luggage at this airport.
(改为一般疑问句)
_________ the new robots _________ passengers with their luggage at this airport?
【答案】 Do help
【详解】句意:这些新机器人在机场帮助乘客搬运行李。原句是含有实义动词help的一般现在时,变疑问句需借助于助动词do,后跟动词原形help。故填Do;help。
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