专业英语-专业英语四级分类模拟69

2024年1月29日发(作者：)

专业英语四级分类模拟69

READING COMPREHENSION

TEXT A

An Indian website, , set up last summer by anti-corruption

activists, reveals just how greedy officials can be. It has documented over

8,500 instances of bribery adding up to nearly 375m rupees. These include

100 rupees to get a policeman to register a complaint about a stolen mobile

phone and 500 rupees for a clerk to hand over a marriage certificate. The

amounts are much larger to facilitate income-tax refunds, where the standard

"charge" is 10%; sums between 5,000 and 50,000 rupees change hands.

But such initiatives can do little beyond allowing people to vent their

anger about corruption. Kaushik Basu, the chief economic adviser to India's

finance ministry, suggests that this may be partly because the law treats

both bribe-giving and bribe-taking as crimes. This makes it hard to blow the

whistle on corrupt officials, because the bribe-giver has also broken the

law. In a provocative paper based on game theory, Mr Basu argues for the

legalisation of some kinds of bribe-giving. His proposal has caused a furious

debate in India, with television channels even assembling panels to discuss

it.

Some thunder that the economist is condoning (宽恕) corruption. But Mr

Basu makes clear that paying an official to bend the rules in one's favour

should continue to be illegal. The category of payments he would like to legalise

are "harassment bribes", made by a person to get things to which he is legally

entitled. In such cases, Mr Basu argues, the giver should be granted immunity

(豁免) from prosecution and a proven complaint should result not only in

punishment for the corrupt official but also in a "refund" for the bribe-giver.

These steps, he believes, will give bribery victims the confidence to lodge

complaints and encouraging them to hang on to evidence of bribery. Fear of

being caught should make officials more wary of asking for bribes in the first

place.

This sounds promising in theory. But India's courts are notoriously slow.

Jean Dregraveze, an Indian development economist, thinks that the difficulty

of pursuing a legal case against a corrupt official may mean that few will

complain. If so, Mr Basu's idea may unintentionally result in an increase

in the incidence of corruption. At least some people who would earlier have

refused when asked for a bribe, Mr Dregraveze thinks, would now pay up.

Yet when the bribes are for things that are their due, refusal to pay is

unrealistic for most people. The tone of those posting on the bribe-reporting

website suggest that people are keen to strike back at corrupt officials.

Because Mr Basu's idea should make this easier, it is worth considering. So

are steps such as moving more transactions online, to reduce contact with

officials. Fighting corruption will need more than one clever idea.

1、 The author points out that may NOT be effective in ______.

A. revealing the phenomenon of corruption B. exposing the greedy

officials to the public

C. expressing people's anger over corruption D. getting the greedy

officials punished by law

2、 In Para. 2, Mr Basu suggests that some kinds of bribe-giving should be

______.

A. strongly condemned B. encouraged by the

government

C. punished slightly D. exempted from

prosecution

3、 The "harassment bribes" are the bribes that are made in order to ______.

A. bend the rules in one's favor B. get what is entitled

by law

C. obtain some privileges D. cause trouble for

the officials

4、 Jean Dregraveze most probably agrees that Mr Basu's idea is ______.

A. unreasonable B. thoughtless C.

impractical D. ridiculous

5、 As it is mentioned in the last paragraph, most people don't refuse to give

a bribe when ______.

A. they are denied what they deserve B. they are forced

to do so

C. their complaints will be handled quickly D. other people do

the same

I was in nay third year of teaching creative writing at Ralph McKee Vocational

School in Staten Island, New York, when one of my students, 16-year-old Mikey,

gave me a note from his mother. It explained his absence from class the day

before.

I had seen Mikey writing the note at his desk, using his left hand to disguise

his handwriting. I said nothing. Most parental-excuse notes I received back

in those days were penned by my students. They'd been forging excuse notes

since they learned to write, and if I were to confront each forger I'd be

busy 24 hours a day.

I threw Mikey's note into a desk drawer along with dozens of other notes.

While my classes took a test, I decided to read all the notes I'd only glanced

at before. I made two piles, one for the genuine ones written by mothers,

the other for forgeries. The second was the larger pile, with writing that

ranged from imaginative to lunatic.

I was having an idea.

Isn't it remarkable, I thought, how the students complained and said it

was hard putting 200 words together on any subject? But when they forged excuse

notes, they were brilliant. The notes I had could be turned into a collection

of Great American Excuses. They were samples of talent never mentioned in

song, story or study.

How could I have ignored these gems of fiction and fantasy? Here was American

high school writing at its best—raw, real, urgent, brief, and lying. I read:

"The stove caught fire and the wallpaper went up and the fire department

kept us out of the house all night."

"Arnold was getting off the train and the door closed on his school bag

and the train took it away. He yelled to the conductor who said very vulgar

things as the train drove away."

"His sister's dog ate his homework and I hope it chokes him."

The writers of these notes didn't realize that honest excuse notes were

usually dull: "Peter was late because the alarm clock didn't go off."

One day I typed out a dozen excuse notes and distributed them to my senior

classes. The students read them silently, intently. "Mr. McCourt, who wrote

these?" asked one boy.

"You did," I said. "I omitted names to protect the guilty. They're supposed

to be written by parents, but you and I know the real authors. Yes, Mikey?"

"So what are we supposed to do?"

"This is the first class to study the art of the excuse note—the first

class, ever, to practice writing them. You're so lucky to have a teacher like

me who has taken your best writing and turned it into a subject worthy of

study."

Everyone smiled as I went on, "You didn't settle for the old alarm clock

story. You used your imaginations. So try it now. Imagine you have a 15-year-old

who needs an excuse for falling behind in English."

The students produced excuses, ranging from a 16-wheeler crashing into

a house to a severe case of food poisoning blamed on the school cafeteria.

They said, "More, more. Can we do more?"

So I said, "I'd like you to write—" And I finished, "'An Excuse Note from

Adam to God' or 'An Excuse Note from Eve to God.'" Heads went down. Pens raced

across paper.

Before long the bell rang. For the first time ever I saw students so immersed

in their writing they had to be urged to go to lunch by their friends.

6、 What was the author's attitude towards students' forging excuse notes?

A. He found it quite understandable. B. He was indifferent

to this phenomenon.

C. He was aware of its prevalence. D. He regarded it

as a minor mistake.

7、 By saying that "I was having an idea" (Para. 4), the author means that

______.

A. he began to realize the students' writing talent

B. he began to understand the students' complaints

C. he would read all the excuse notes to the whole class

D. he would incorporate the excuse notes into his class

8、 Mikey was mentioned by the author ______.

A. as an example of those who forged excuse notes B. as a warning to

those who forged excuse notes

C. because Mikey wasn't good at writing D. because Mikey didn't

admit his fault

9、��?'��PC�Z�Nб�|9�J�`:�L�x��x� ���Rb�?

�?Շ<`��?��?I)2�[�8�S�eeD'?U��Ck�

��ޗ���@��J���-s1|�?�?��?ƕ�?m����o�%�?3�b�lk?�?��`��+�?w@�?�ֻ/��?��/7?�=�(�5��2T•ǧ�Y�|���m@��f��9'G+#�?HF10、

The author had the students practice writing excuse notes so that the students

could learn ______.

A. the importance of being honest B. how to write excuse

notes skillfully

C. the merits of creative writing D. how to be creative

in writing

TEXT B

One August afternoon, Peaches gave birth to 14 puppies. The kids were thrilled.

But it crossed my mind once or twice that I had no idea how we'd find good

homes for so many adorable mutts.

The father was a purebred golden retriever (寻回猎犬). And not until now

had I wondered why Roberta, who gave Peaches to us, had named her in the plural.

Peaches didn't resemble a peach, either. She was jet black with long retriever

hair, an agreeable blend of many breeds. But she was indeed a peach, although

once when her round pups were lined against her tummy, we affectionately called

her "Pea Pod," and that name pretty much stuck.

The kids and I had a blast with the pups, but as our cuddly friends grew,

the cleanup job on the backyard lawn increased as well. I usually ended up

with the chore after the kids had left for school in the morning, and after

eight weeks the job was getting old. Besides, the time had come to start to

get them settled into permanent homes.

So one weekend the kids and I piled into the van, puppies in the rear,

playfully biting each other's ears and tails, and we headed for the local

humane society. But in northern California at that time, shelters were full

of animals, and if they weren't adopted quickly they were put to sleep. I

tried stifling that bit of information, but it wouldn't stay submerged; I

cried the whole way.

When we arrived at the shelter, I dried my tears and smoothed my puffy

eyes. I walked alone up to the counter and cheerfully announced I had 14 wonderful

puppies for them. The woman, without looking up from her paperwork, roared,

"We don't take puppies." I cried all the way home, this time with tears of

relief.

So I placed an ad for "free puppies" in the newspaper. I don't think we

got a single phone call. In the meantime, the kids and pups grew more inseparable.

Only Happy and Callie, our two cats, were allowed to spend the nights inside,

but from the giggling and the look of the blankets in the morning, some pups

had been overlooked at bedtime.

The gate on our backyard fence opened onto the elementary school's grass

field. Every afternoon, scores of kids arrived to play soccer. The children

loved it when their games were over, for then I would open the floodgate,

releasing 14 roly-poly, tail-wagging puppies for them to play with. Surely

a parent wouldn't mind taking one or two home? The parents loved the pups,

too; but their disciplined ability to decline our offering amazed me.

Certainly the divine plan could not have been for us to keep all 14 puppies,

even if they had been given perfect names.

I desperately searched the heavens for a solution. The odd idea came to

put another ad in the paper, this time asking $10 for each puppy. It worked.

Placing a value on the mutts somehow had an effect. I made a deal with

the kids: If they would prepare the puppy food and clean up the yard every

day until all the puppies had homes, I would give them each, in turn, $10

for every pup sold. When he was about 11 weeks old, the last puppy—Boots,

with four white socks—had gone. It was a sad day; the yard was much too quiet.

So Saturday morning I had the kids get their money jars out. They proudly

carried their savings as I drove them to their favorite place—the toy store.

The dog pound might have seemed easier. But I liked this ending much better.

11、 As it is mentioned in the passage, "Peaches" ______.

A. was the name of a purebred golden retriever B. included a group of

new-born puppies

C. got her name for an unknown reason D. was one of the two dogs

the author had

12、 By saying "The kids and I had a blast with the pups", the author means

that ______.

A. the pups were a burden to the family

B. the pups kept the family occupied

C. the family quarreled over how to deal with the pups

D. the family was delighted with the birth of the pups

13、 The author cried on the way home to the local humane society because ______.

A. she hated to have to send away the dogs

B. the dogs might end up being killed in the shelters

C. the shelters might refuse to take the dogs

D. the new owners might maltreat the dogs

14、 What happened when some pups were overlooked at bedtime?

A. They would spend the night in the house. B. They would be separated

from the kids.

C. They would fight with the two cats. D. They would mess up the

blankets.

15、 How many times had the author failed before she was able to send away

all the pups?

A. Once. B. Twice. C. Three times. D.

Four times.

16、 The author rewarded the kids with money because ______.

A. they thought out the best idea B. they helped look after

the pups

C. the pups were their inseparable friends D. the money equaled

the value of each pup

The use of nitrous oxide, or laughing gas during childbirth fell out of favor

in the United States decades ago, and just two hospitals—one in San Francisco

and one in Seattle—still offer it. But interest in returning the dentist office

staple to the delivery room is growing: respected hospitals including

Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center plan to start offering it, the federal

government is reviewing it, and after a long break, the equipment needed to

administer it is expected to hit the market soon.

Lori Rowell, due to give birth to her second child in June, is interested

in the option.

"I would definitely think about it, and read about and talk to my doctor

about it," said Rowell, 36, of Concord. "It is nice to know that it doesn't

affect the baby."

Though laughing gas is commonly used for labor pain relief in Canada, Great

Britain and other countries, it's been all but abandoned in the United States

in favor of other options, said Judith Bishop, a certified nurse midwife at

the University of California San Francisco Medical Center and leader in the

effort to reintroduce laughing gas for labor.

"In this country, most people when they hear about laughing gas, they think

it sounds pretty retro (重新流行的), that it sounds very old-fashioned and they're

sure there's something bad or dangerous about it and we must've chosen to

eliminate it. But I think we eliminated it because we went for the more specialized,

higher-tech options," said Bishop, who will be among the speakers Monday at

a conference for New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine hospital officials.

She and other advocates of reintroducing laughing gas emphasize that it

is no silver bullet—it "takes the edge off" pain rather than eliminates it.

But they say it should be among the options offered to women, particularly

those who give birth at small or rural hospitals that lack round-the-clock

anesthesiologists (麻醉师). Laughing gas is easy for women to self-administer,

takes effect quickly, and can be used late in labor.

"It's not fight for everybody, but it's something that for many women will

offer a certain amount of relief," Bishop said.

17、 Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center is going to ______.

A. reintroduce nitrous oxide to the dentist office

B. remove nitrous oxide from the dentist office to the delivery room

C. apply nitrous oxide in the delivery room

D. limit the use of nitrous oxide in the dentist office

18、 According to Judith Bishop, laughing gas was abandoned in the United States

mainly because other options are ______.

A. less dangerous B. more effective C. less

disputable D. more advanced

19、 By saying that "it is no silver bullet" (Para. 6), Judith Bishop means

that ______.

A. laughing gas cannot eliminate pain

B. laughing gas cannot relieve much pain

C. laughing gas is not as dangerous as most people imagine

D. laughing gas is not as expensive as other options

20、 As it is suggested in the passage, laughing gas can NOT be used properly

______.

A. without a professional anesthesiologist B. without the

administering equipment

C. by women in difficult labor D. by women giving birth

at home

TEXT C

In response to mass unemployment and the prospect of having to emigrate, an

unemployed Irish graduate has spent 2,000 on a massive billboard

advertisement asking employers not to let him leave the republic.

Feacuteilim Mac An Iomaire, who erected an advertising hoarding on the

busy Merrion Road in south Dublin in an attempt to find a job, has said he

has been overwhelmed by the response.

The ad contains a picture of the 26-year-old marketing graduate facing

a number of famous landmarks from Sydney, London and New York with the message:

"Save me from emigration."

His ad has struck a chord across Ireland at a time when about 50,000 citizens,

many of them young graduates, are expected to leave this year for work abroad.

There are still up to 400,000 jobless workers in Ireland due to the property

crash and the country's fiscal crisis.

Mac An Iomaire said he came up with the idea after being unemployed for

eight months after a year in Australia. "I had a good bit of money saved when

I came home from Australia but I was managing to live on jobseeker's allowance.

I gave it a week of hard thinking to come up with the concept and nothing

was going to stop me then," he said. "The great thing is that everyone's been

so positive about it. No one has really had a bad word to say. Everybody who

is close to me knows I've been pretty annoyed about being unemployed and feeling

like I've been on the sidelines."

Mac An Iomaire also set up a Facebook page and Twitter account, and has

been drowned with emails and messages.

"I've had some really nice replies. Some CV experts are willing to spruce

up my CV so I'm pretty overwhelmed with that," he said. "It looks good for

something to come out of it, anyway. I am not exactly looking for a concrete

job offer. I would sooner go through the whole process of doing an interview,"

he added.

21、 Feacuteilim Mac An Iomaire put on a billboard advertisement to ______.

A. attract those who would like to work overseas

B. attract those who would like to work domestically

C. get a job in Ireland

D. get a job overseas

22、 Sydney, London and New York are the places ______.

A. where Mac An Iomaire had worked before

B. which Mac An Iomaire had visited before

C. where Mac An Iomaire wouldn't like to work

D. which Mac An lomaire thought were the most prosperous

23、 By saying "everybody's been so positive about it," Mac An Iomaire means

that ______.

A. people have expressed approval of his advertisement

B. his friends have encouraged him to look at the bright side

C. the unemployed have confidence in the job market

D. the country will overcome its present fiscal crisis

24、 Mac An Iomaire's Facebook page and Twitter account most probably ______.

A. were attractively designed B. received a lot of

feedback

C. got few positive responses D. were filled with junk

mails

Allan Metcalf's new book claims that the word "OK" is America's greatest

invention. This offers a pair of provocations. How can "OK" be an invention?

On a certain day, a certain guy just dreamed up the expression that has become

the most frequently spoken word on the planet? And even if it is an invention,

can one little word really be greater than jazz, baseball, and the telephone?

Is it better than The Simpsons?

The answer to the first question, implausible as it sounds, is yes. In

OK: The Improbable Story of America's Greatest Word, Metcalf locates the first

use of OK in an obscure corner of a Boston newspaper on March 23, 1839. As

for the alleged greatness of the word, Metcalf's slim volume doesn't entirely

persuade you that OK is a more valuable invention than, say, electric light.

But the fact that he even raises the question is intriguing. If it does nothing

else, Metcalf makes you acutely aware of how universal and vital the word

has become.

True story: the world's most popular word began as a joke. In the late

1830s, America's newspapers had great enthusiasm for abbreviations—also, to

judge by Metcalf's account, a sorry sense of humor. He devotes a chapter to

trying to explain why readers of the Boston Morning Post might have been amused

to see "o. k." used as a jokey abbreviation for "oll korrect," an intentional

misspelling of "all correct." Apparently you had to be there. But the word

soon got an enormous boost from Andrew Jackson—or his enemies, anyway. They

circulated the rumor that the man of the people was barely literate and approved

papers with the initials "O. K." for "oll korrect." It was a joke, Metcalf

concludes, "but without it there'd be no OK."

The word didn't remain a joke for long. Telegraph operators began using

it as a way to say "all clear." It became ubiquitous, turning up in all comers

of the world, and beyond. Metcalf points out that OK was technically the first

word spoken on the surface of the moon.

When you pause to consider what a weird and wonderful little word OK is,

the most remarkable thing isn't that it's so great or that it was invented

but that it's American. To foreigners in the 20th century, Metcalf writes,

the word embodied "American simplicity, pragmatism, and optimism." To us

today, the word sums up "a whole two-letter American philosophy of tolerance,

even admiration for difference."

25、 The word "provocations" in Paragraph One can best be replaced by ______.

A. contradictions B. challenges C. results D.

assumptions

26、 After reading Metcalf's book, the author is convinced that ______.

A. Metcalf's story was implausible B. OK is an invention of

the greatest importance

C. OK is a widely-used invention D. OK is a worthless invention

27、 How was "OK" created?

A. It was created to shorten a word. B. It was created by mistake.

C. It was created to play a joke on a reporter. D. It was created to

convey a sense of humor.

28、 Which of the following is true about Andrew Jackson?

A. He was the inventor of "OK". B. He was poor in writing

and reading.

C. He was a household name in America. D. He was the editor of the

Boston Morning Post.

29、 The passage is intended to ______.

A. review Metcalf's new book on "OK" B. reveal the unknown facts

about "OK"

C. convince us of the significance of "OK" D. answer questions concerned

about "OK"

TEXT D

The family of Sirycs refused all the benefits of civilization. Now they live

in a forest near Zhitomir and enjoy their hermit's life.

52 year-old head of the family Ivan Siryc, his wife Victoriya and their

12-year-old son Stepan live in a sun-dried hut, covered with thatch (茅草屋顶). There are 3 rooms in it (each of them is about 2 square meters). They

are joined together with the other room, in the middle of which the stove

can be found.

The Sirycs happen to be indoors only in winter, in summer they spend all

their time in the workshops. During the whole year a hayloft serves as a bed

for them. They even made a glass roof above it to see the stars. They say,

no one can see such a wonderful view in the city. As for the toilet, they

didn't build it at all. They just have some special place in the forest not

far from their hut.

To move into such conditions was a joint decision. 8 years ago the Sirycs

were successful artists in Moscow. But one day they accidentally heard on

the radio the story about the dolmens (巨石墓) on the Caucausus and decided

to go there. Stepan at that time was 8 months old. Victoriya remembers herself

sitting near the brook and holding her son in her arms while Ivan was examining

those wonderful places. When he returned they both suddenly realized they

wanted to change their life.

Now the Sirycs eat only raw food, because they believe the food heated

to 40℃ immediately becomes dead. So they eat berries, pickled and dried

mushrooms. The latter tastes like chips, they say. But you should be careful

and not to eat too much of them, because they swell in your stomach and you

can feel like you've overeaten afterwards.

So at first they were vegetarians, now they are raw food eaters but what

they really dream about is to become "air eaters". Such people's bacteria

produce all necessary elements from air and are gradually becoming younger

and even able to "grow" new organs. Victoriya, for example, has already grown

two new teeth.

As for their son Stepan, he goes to school once a month. He's in the 4th

grade now. But actually he doesn't like to go there because other children

often tease him because of his long hair. But Stepan can't cut them off because

he believes this is connection with cosmos.

His father taught him to draw and make sculptures. Later he's going to

become a sculptor.

30、What do we learn about the Sirycs' home according to the second paragraph?

A．There are respectively three rooms in and outside the hut.

B．There are totally four rooms in their hut.

C．Each of the three rooms has a stove inside.

D．Each of the three rooms is joined together with the other two.

31、What happened after the Sirycs visited the dolmens on the Caucausus?

A．They were inspired to change their life. B．They decided to move their

home there.

C．They wanted a better life for their baby. D．They were determined to

be vegetarians.

32、In regard to diet, the Sirycs are most likely to agree that ______.

A．mushrooms are not good for our health B．one should not eat too much

raw food

C．meat should also be eaten raw D．no meat at all should be eaten

33、The growth of Victoriya's two new teeth is most importantly attributed

to ______.

A．her vegetarian diet B．the raw food she eats

C．the air she takes in D．her intrinsic physical growth

34、The passage is intended to ______.

A．persuade us to choose our own way of life B．reveal the advantages

of hermit's life

C．introduce a life away from civilization D．describe the life of the

raw food eaters

Almost 60% of five-year-olds in some of Britain's poorest areas do not reach

a "good level" of behaviour and understanding—double that found in wealthier

suburban parts of England, a review into Britain's widening social and health

inequalities says.

Inequalities in children's development between local authorities are

revealed by data published by Sir Michael Marmot, professor of epidemiology

(流行病学) and public health at University College London, who last year produced

a landmark government review into how wealth affects health. The key

determinants of health, he argues, relate to a host of issues including

employment, the welfare state and child development.

His new report shows that 44% of all five-year-olds in England are considered

by their teachers to be falling behind in their development. However in commuter

towns, such as Solihull and Richmond upon Thames, state schools report this

figure to be about 30%. In Haringey, a deprived part of north London, it is

almost double.

Marmot, a public health specialist and author of Fair Society Healthy Lives,

said: "The evidence is very clear: investing in pre-school years pays most

dividends. We already know that by the age of 10 a child from a poorer background

will have lost any advantage of intelligence indicated at 22 months, whereas

a child from an affluent family will have improved his or her cognitive scores

purely because of his/her advantaged background."

He pointed out that "education and child development are key for health.

It is the educated who we know the key driver of teenage pregnancy

is not getting early child development. You are not going to get pregnant

as a teenager if you develop as a child."

Only two dozen authorities of the 150 surveyed could claim to have more

than half their five-year-olds passing the educational standard set by the

government. Marmot said he was concerned that the government was just focusing

on the "poorest" in society—the middle class of society needed help too. "I

have tried to have this conversation with government without much success,"

he said, adding that "cuts to Sure Start and children's centres won't help".

There was also an alarming health gap opening up within areas. Marmot pointed

out that in Westminster the average life expectancy of male residents was

83, five years longer than the English norm, but this masked wide differences.

The poorest in the London borough could expect to live 17 years less than

the richest.

Not only is life expectancy linked to social standing, so is the time spent

in good health. The review reveals that Wirral, in north-west England, has

the biggest difference in "disability-free life expectancy" between those

at the top and those at the bottom of the economic ladder, with wealthy people

likely to live 20 years longer without physical impairment.

The data is meant to inform ministers as the government has proposed taking

public health out of the National Health Service and put under the control

of local authorities.

35、 Marmot intends to stress ______ in his new study.

A. social and health inequalities in children B. children's different

behavior and understanding

C. the relation between wealth and health D. the key determinants

of children's health

36、 The commuter towns such as Solihull and Richmond upon Thames are most

probably ______.

A. comparatively poor areas B. comparatively rich areas

C. confident of their state schools D. giving priority to

their state schools

37、 According to the fourth paragraph, a child's intelligence is most closely

related to ______.

A. the social background of his family

B. his cognitive scores at 22-month-old

C. how much his parents put in his pre-school period

D. how much his parents care for him before school

38、 According to Marmot, if a teenager gets pregnant, ______.

A. her child may lose the key to good health B. her child may miss early

child development

C. it will result in her loss of proper education D. it's due to her lack

of early child development

39、 The word "authorities" in the passage has the closest meaning to ______.

A. child health specialists B. administrative

districts

C. authoritative reviews D. government officials

40、 What do we learn from the 8th paragraph?

A. One's physical condition reflects his social standing.

B. One's social standing determines his life expectancy.

C. How long one lives in good health is related to his social standing.

D. One's time spent in good health is linked to his life expectancy.

答案:

READING COMPREHENSION

TEXT A

1、D

[解析] 第1段第1句指出这是一个由反腐积极分子建立的网站，该网站可以揭露贪官的受贿情况，据此可排除A和B；第2段第1句表明作者认为这样的网站“仅仅”能让人们有一个发泄对腐败的愤怒的渠道，do 隐含的意思是，这个网站不可能做到处罚腐败分子，据此可排除C并确定D为本题答案。

2、D

[解析] 第2段倒数第2句表明Mr Basu认为应将一些行贿行为“合法化”(legalisation of some

kinds of bribe-giving)，“合法化”的意思就是“使免除被起诉”，可见，本题应选D。

3、B

[解析] 根据题干中的“harassment bribes”定位到第3段第3句，该句中由made引出的过去分词结构中的to get things to which he is legally entitled是对harassment bribes的解释说明，即harassment bribes是为了获得合法权益而向官员行贿，不难看出与其意思一致的是B。

4、C

[解析] 根据题干中的Jean Dregraveze定位到倒数第2段，该段第1句说“这个建议从理论上来说

很好”，第2句由But引出印度司法上的弊病，并指出few will complain这一可能出现的情况。由此可推断Jean Dregraveze认为Mr Basu的想法只是“理论上”可行，即该想法“不现实”，故选C。

5、A

[解析] 本题题干是最后一段第1句主句的内容，而答案就是该句中的时间状语的内容，things that

are their due意为“他们应得的东西”，此处due为名词，意思是“应得之物”。原文表明对于大多数人来说，如果他们得通过行贿才能得到他们该得到的东西，要他们拒绝行贿是不切实际的，据此，本题应选A。

6、C

[解析] 第2段第3句开头的most以及第3段末提到的“伪造的请假条”那堆更多，均表明作者知道大部分学生的请假条都是由学生自己写的，因此C为本题答案。本题最具干扰性的是B。虽然第2段最后一句的内容表明作者没有时间处理学生伪造请假条这种事情，这并不代表他对这种现象不闻不问，觉得无所谓。可见，B不正确。

7、D

[解析] 第4段提到了an idea，而这个主意是什么，可从下面的段落归纳总结。根据下文可知作者决定在他的写作课上利用这些请假条，故应选D。A是第5段提及的内容，而该段只是作者讲述整个idea的开端，故A只是一个细节，不足以涵盖整个idea的内容；B没有原文依据；原文只提到作者在学生测验的时候阅读了所有的请假条，但并没有“向全班同学宣读”这些请假条，故C中

the whole class不正确。

8、A

[解析] 本文的话题是“请假条多由学生自己写”这个现象，由此现象激发了作者新的写作教学模式。作者在前三段多次提到Mikey，是为了以他为例子，引出“请假条多由学生自己写”这个现象，故应选A。其它选项都缺乏原文依据。

9、B

[解析] 第10段提到作者认为honest excuse notes通常很dull，这暗示学生自己写的请假条与这些honest excuse notes相反，结合第3段中的from imaginative to lunatic可知学生写的请假条更有趣，更富有想象力，故应选B。作者并没有评论这些请假条的内容是否给人以深刻印象或有多令人信服，故A和D均不可选；一篇文章是否“写得好”(well-written)，不能光从“想象力”这一方面去评判，因此，虽然作者认为学生自己写的请假条很富有想象力，但不能就此说这些请假条“写得好”，可见C不正确。

10、D

[解析] 作者从第4段起介绍了他在写作课上如何利用“假请假条”激发学生的想象力。从第1段提到作者教授creative writing和倒数第4段提到作者鼓励学生多发挥想象力(You used your

imaginations)这些细节，可以进一步确定作者要求学生练习写“假请假条”是为了更好地教授creative writing，故应选D。虽然学生写“假请假条”属于不诚实的行为，但本文的焦点并不是讨论诚信问题，因此，涉及“诚信”的A不正确；练习的根本原因不是为了更娴熟地写excuse notes，B不得要领；练习写excuse notes也不是为了让学生了解创造性写作的益处，而是为了锻炼创造性写作这种能力，因此C不能选。

TEXT B

11、C

[解析] 第2段第2句提到“现在我很纳闷为什么Roberca给狗起名要用Peach的复数形式”，可见作者本人也并不明白，全文都没有给出原因，因此本题应选C。由全文首句可知Peaches是生了14只小狗，故B中的includes错误；A所述是那14只小狗的“父亲”，故排除；作者只养了Peaches一只狗，D错误。

12、D

[解析] 第3段第1句中but后的内容表明随着小狗长大，后院的清扫工作也越来越繁重，but所表示的转折关系表明它前面的内容应与“清扫工作增多”这个不好的方面相反，由此可推断have a blast

with the pups应该是褒义的。根据第1段中的The kids were thrilled可以推测此处也是类

似的意思。事实上，blast有“欢乐而刺激的经历”这个意思，因此此处意思是小狗出生时，全家人感到很开心，故本题应选D。

13、B

[解析] 第4段倒数第2句就是导致作者哭的原因，这一句中的put to sleep是委婉的说法，意思并不是让小狗“睡觉”，而是“以人道的方式杀死小狗”的意思。因此，作者哭是因为她害怕小狗会在收容所遭受这样的命运，可见本题应选B。作者已经决定要将小狗送走，因此说她因为讨厌要将小狗送走而哭是说不通的，故A不正确；C、D也都与第4段的内容不符。

14、A

[解析] 根据题干中的overlook at bedtime可定位到第6段。该段最后一句的giggling是指孩子们和小狗玩耍时发出的笑声，由此可知，如果作者没有检查好的话，小狗就会和孩子们一起在房间里过夜。the look of the blankets暗示第二天早上从毛毯的样子就能看出孩子们和小狗一起睡觉了，据此分析，本题应选A。该句提到的the look of the blankets并不一定指毯子变脏了，更可能是指毯子的样子显示小狗跟孩子们呆在一起，且D没有说到重点，该段的中心意思是讲孩子们和小狗密不可分的关系。由此可见，D不正确。

15、C

[解析] 本文叙述了作者把14只小狗送出去的经历，第1次送到动物收容所，第2次登广告免费送狗，第3次是将狗放出来给踢完足球的孩子们玩，以此希望附近小学的学生家长领养狗。这三次都未成功。最后，再一次在报纸上登广告，每只狗标价10美元，才把所有的狗送走了，由此可见，她失败了3次。因此本题应选C。

16、B

[解析] 倒数第2段第2句条件状语从句表明了作者在所有的狗被送出去之后给孩子们钱的原因，B是对该句中prepare the puppy food and clean up the yard every day的概括，故为本题答案。A无原文依据；C、D与题干所问毫不相干。

17、C

[解析] 根据专有名词Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center定位到第1段第2句。该句中的表明包括Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center在内的一些著名的医院都将把常用于牙科的笑气用到产科去。这意味着，笑气将再次用于产科，故应选C。该句中的只表明人们想在产房再次使用笑气，并非指在牙科中不再使用笑气，故B错误。

18、D

[解析] 第5段第2句提到当年淘汰笑气的原因是其他技术more specialized，higher-tech

options，故可知与其他麻醉剂或止痛药相比，笑气不够“专业”，不够“高科技”，故应选D。由该句中的But可知，Bishop并不认同前面所说的“笑气存在危险”这个理由，因此排除A；本题最具干扰性的是B。第5段并没有在“有效性”方面对比笑气和后来研发的麻醉剂或止痛药，虽然原文提到笑气不够先进，但不能因此推断它药效不够好，事实上，第6段最后一句提到的takes effect quickly表明笑气能很快产生药效，这也是effective的表现之一，可见B不正确。

19、A

[解析] 第6段第1句中破折号后面的内容解释说明not silver bullet的含义。rather than表明，笑气可以减轻痛楚，但不能消除痛楚，A“不能消除痛楚”与之相符，故为本题答案。silver

bullet指“灵丹妙药；特效药”，takes the edge off意为“减轻”。原文并没有提到笑气能多大程度上减轻痛楚，不能武断地说笑气“不能减轻多少痛楚”，故B不正确。

20、B

[解析] 第1段最后一句中的the equipment needed to administer it表明笑气的使用必须要依靠专用的仪器，由此可知，没有这种仪器，笑气就不能使用，故应选B。第6段第2句暗示没有全天候的麻醉师的医院很适合使用笑气，因此A不符合题意；该段最后一句中的self-administer表明笑气设备可以由产妇自己控制，故C、D均不符合题意。

TEXT C

21、C

[解析] 第1段开头的In response to后提到了Mac An Iomaire面临的两个问题：国内失业率居

高不下，被迫移居国外找工作。Mac An Iomaire登广告就是为了解决这两个问题，即登广告的原因是想在爱尔兰国内找到一份工作，据此本题选C。

22、C

[解析] 根据题干中的Sydney, London and New York定位到第3段。该段末尾的Save me from

emigration意为“请不要让我移居外国”，结合上文提到的Mac An Iomaire登广告的目的，可以推断Sydney，London和New York代表Mac An Iomaire不想去工作的国外的城市，故本题应选C。

23、A

[解析] 第5段是Mac An Iomaire对他的广告创意的介绍，他首先讲到了他是怎么想到这个创意的，接下来讲了人们对这个广告的看法，本题引号里的内容就是人们对这个广告的看法。因此，其中的it应该是指这个广告，可见，A“人们十分认可他的广告”与原文该句的意思最为接近。其他选项都没有正确理解it的所指。

24、B

[解析] 根据题干中的Facebook和Twitter定位到倒数第2段。根据该段中的has been drowned

with emails and messages可知B“收到了许多反馈”正确，也可以从下一段的第1句推断出他在Facebook和Twitter上都收到了很多回复，可见本题应选B。

25、B

[解析] 第1段第3句至最后一句的四个问句可以归纳为两类问题，前两个问句关注的是“OK”是否为一项发明，后两个问句关注的是“OK”这个词是否真的那么重要。由此可推断，第2句提到的provocations应为“引起关注或争议的问题”的意思，故B“质疑，异议”意思最相近。

26、C

[解析] 第2段最后一句中表明Metcalf的书至少可以让人确信OK一词是普遍的(universal)、重要的(vital)，故可知OK是一个被普遍使用的词，故应选C。A说“书里面的故事不合情理”，这在文章中找不到依据；of the greatest importance与该段第3句中的doesn't entirely persuade

不符，故排除B；在原文中，作者显然并非认为OK是个毫无价值的发明，这可以从最后一段看出来，故D不正确。

27、D

[解析] 笫3段第1句中的joke和第3句中的jokey，都表明OK是源于一个玩笑，且该段第2句指出这体现了a sorry sense of humor，故D与文意最相符。OK这个词的出现包含了“缩写”和“幽默”这两个要素，主要是后者，且OK也并不是一个单词的缩写，故A不正确；根据第3段第3句末的intentional misspelling可排除B；C中的a joke on a reporter缺乏原文依据。

28、C

[解析] Andrew Jackson的名字出现在第3段倒数第3句，而下一句则将其称为the man of the

people(人民之子)，文中说到OK一词是由于他的传闻而被传播开来的，而他能被誉为“人民之子”，可推断此人的知名度一定非常高，故选C。第3段倒数第3句指出因为Andrew Jackson，OK一词得以推广，结合上文对OK的产生经过的说明，可知他不是发明该词的人，故A不正确；第3段倒数第2句提到Andrew Jackson的敌人散布谣言说他“几乎不识字”，但这只是“谣言(rumor)”，并不一定是事实，故B不正确；原文没有根据可以推断出Andrew Jackson是编辑，D排除。

29、A

[解析] 本文一开始就提到了Metcalf的新书，然后作者在首段以提问的方式引出Metcalf对于OK的研究，但本文也不是一味地介绍Metcalf的书，其中还穿插着作者对书中内容的评价，因此，本文应该是对Metcalf的新书的评论，故应选A。B为强干扰项，本文虽然提到了一些有关OK鲜为人知的故事，但文章是围绕Metcalf的书来说的，且有评论，故B没有A具体、准确；最后一段提到了OK对美国人的意义，但并不足以概括全文内容，故排除C；虽然文章首段有几个问句，但这些问题是用于引起读者的兴趣，因此，焦点不在于那些问题本身，而在于接下来的Metcalf的新书的内容，故不选D。

TEXT D

30、B

[解析] 选项中的关键词是rooms，关于Sirycs一家的居住条件，特别是“房间”的情况，主要看第2

段最后两句，原文提到屋内有3个房间，且这三个房间和一个中间放置有火炉的房间相连，该句中的the other room是单数，表明这个房间是不同于前面讲到的三个房间的另外一间，即他们家一共有4个房间，可见B正确。

31、A

[解析] 根据题干中的the dolmens on the Caucausus定位到第4段。该段最后一句直接说明了Sirycs一家最后的决定，他们从此决定改变生活方式(they wanted to change their life)，去过远离文明的生活，可见本题应选A。他们并没有把家搬到the Caucausus，故B不正确；C无原文依据，第4段提到他们的决定时，并没有指出他们改变生活是为了孩子；D是根据文中vegetarians制造的干扰项，不符合题意。

32、D

[解析] 第6段第1句提到Sirycs一家以前是素食者，现在是生食者，据此，可以推断他们早就不吃肉了，他们现在吃的东西不会包括肉类，因此本题应选D。注意排除干扰项B，在第5段最后一句中，not to eat too much of them中的them指代dried mushrooms，强调一次不能吃太多的干蘑菇，而B则从整体上说不能吃太多的生食，事实上，他们一家现在只吃生食，所以B与原文不符。

33、C

[解析] 根据题干中的two new teeth定位到倒数第3段最后一句，该句中的for example表明该句的举例是为了说明上一句关于air eaters的描述，可见能长出新牙，主要与air有关，故本题应选C。

34、C

[解析] 从文章的内容和用词来看，本文纯粹是描述性的，没有争论某个观点，A中的persuade带有规劝性，不符合文章的语气；本文试图全方位地描述Sirycs一家远离文明的生活，包括他们现在的生存状态。当初作出决定的原因等，这种生活的“优点”只占本文很少的篇幅，因此本题应选C，而排除B。D强调的是raw food eaters，但这只是Sirycs一家的饮食习惯，不足以概括他们生活的全部。

35、A

[解析] 根据第1段末尾的widening social and health inequalities和第2段首句提到的Inequalities in children's development可以知道他的新报告主要关注英国儿童在社会地位和健康问题上的“不平等”，故应选A。B在第1段提及，但此处提到的关于儿童不同的“行为和理解能力”只是研究时收集到的数据，并非他的新研究的论点，故排除；根据第2段可知C是Marmot去年一项研究的论题，并不属于他的“新研究”；D是Marmot的新研究中的细节，不是报告的焦点所在。

36、B

[解析] 第3段首先提到了在英国5岁儿童中发育滞后的比例为44%，在Solihull和Richmond，该比例为30%，而在较贫困地区(deprived part)，这个比例几乎达到60%。结合第一段所说的贫困地区孩子的发育没有富有地区的好，可以推断儿童发育滞后的比例低的地区应该是富有地区，故应选B。C、D均无原文依据。

37、C

[解析] 根据第4段第1句中的“学前投资可以获得最大回报”可知影响孩子发展的最大因素是investing in pre-school years。结合第2句的内容可以推断出：父母在学前对儿童的经济投入大大影响儿童的智力发展，C与此内容最为相近，故为答案。A中的social background显得过于宽泛，没有强调“学前投入”这一重点；B是利用原文中的22 months，cognitive scores拼凑成的干扰项；D也与“学前投入”无关，故不能选。

38、D

[解析] 第5段第2句中的the key driver指“主要原因”，由此可见，该句表明早期发展的缺失是导致少女怀孕的主要因素，故D为答案。A和B中的her child是无中生有的内容；C将原文的因果关系颠倒了。

39、B

[解析] authorities一词可在第2段第1句、第6段第1句和最后一段找到，其中在第2段和最后一段，authorities均被local修饰，结合上下文可以推断authorities应该与第1段提到的areas，parts和第3段中的towns等意思相近，local authorities最可能是“地方当局”(即“区域、地

区”)的意思，故应选B。

40、C

[解析] 第8段首句中这一倒装结构表明，不仅寿命与社会地位相关，处于健康状态的时间也与社会地位相关。据此，可确定C正确。该段只是表明“寿命长短”和“健康状态的时间”与social

standing有关系，A说“一个人的健康状况反应了他的社会地位”存在逻辑错误，根据常识，当然有穷人又长寿又健康，排除A；B中的determines“决定”一词使用不当；文中只是说明life

expectancy和the time spent in good health均受social standing的影响，并未说明两者本身存在关系，故D不正确。