1月31日剑二阅读语法(1)

2024年1月30日发(作者：)

1月31日剑二阅读语法（1）

名词

1、什么叫名词

表示人、地方、事物名称的词叫做名词。名词是任何事物的名称，student 学生chair 椅子Hong Kong 香港business 生意time 时间beauty 美happiness 幸福

2、名词的种类

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

1、专有名词(proper noun)

专有名词是个别人、地方、团体或事物的名称。

London 伦敦Canada 加拿大

the Un it ed States of America 美利坚合众国the Great Hall of

the People 人民大会堂

注意：专有名词的实词部要大写词首字母。

2、普通名词(common noun)

普通名词是一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。teacher

教师struggle 奋斗country 国家

machine 机器water 水discussion 讨论

普通名词又可进一步分为：

（1）类名词(class noun)，表示人或事物属于某一类。

factory 工厂bicycle 自行车cat 猫television 电视soldier 士

兵boy 男孩

（2）集体名词(collective noun)，是一群人或好多东西的总称。class 班army 军队government 政府party 政党crowd 人群flock

羊群team 队family 家

注意：集体名词被当作一个整体时，要看作是单数，用单数的谓语动词。但当组成这类名词所代表的事物的各部分或其成员是被逐一单独考虑时，就用复数的谓语动词。

The football team is playing well.这个足球队踢得好。

The football team are having baths and are coming back for

tea.足球队员们正在洗澡，然后他们就回来喝茶。

（3）物质名词(material)，表示物质或不具确定形状和大小的个体的实物名称。

bread 面包fire 火grain 谷物

metal 金属cotton 棉snow 雪

（4）抽象名词(abstract noun)，表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念的名称。

happiness幸福peace 和平health 健康

arrival 到达difficulty 困难friendship 友谊

3、名词的数

（1）可数名词和不可数名词(countable noun and uncountable

noun)

名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。抽象名词、物质名词和专有名

词一般是不可数的（像饮料、肉类等）。类名词和集体名词一般是可数的。少数名词既可用作不可数名词，又可用作可数名词，但意义有所不同。

不可数名词可数名词

glass 玻璃玻璃杯

paper 纸代件、试卷、报

copper 铜铜币

tin 锡罐头

stone 石石块

A glass is made of glass.玻璃杯是玻璃做的。

You can throw a stone at a wall made of stone.你可把一块石头抛向一面石砌的墙。

（2）正确区分可数名词与不可数名词

像：book书boy男孩儿·叫可数名词

water水beef牛肉……叫不可数名词

（3）可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语

①只修饰可数名词单数的

如a/an，one，an other，等。

I don't like this book, give me another one.我不喜欢这本书, 请另外给我一本。

②只修饰可数名词复数的

如these，those，few，many，a good/great many等。③只修

饰不可数名词的

如a little，a bit of，much等。

There was so much food that we couldn't eat it all. 食物太多了，我们吃不完。

There's a little bit of time left. 只剩一点儿时间了。

④既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有the，some，any，no，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，等。

3、单数和复数(singular and plural number)

（1）不可数名词一般不分单复数。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。表示一个人或事物用单数，表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。pupil→pupils 学生radio→radios 收音机

ruler→rulers 直尺knife→knives 刀

4.名词复数构成法

（1）规则名词复数形式的构成

绝大多数名词的复数形式由在单数后加-s或-es构成。具体如下：①在词末加-s。词尾-s在清辅音后读[s];在元音和浊辅音后读[z]; 在[s]，[z]] 等辅音后读[iz]。

book→books 书tree→trees树

car→cars 小汽车house→houses房子

day→days 天face→faces脸

②名词以-s，-x，-z，-ch，-sh 结尾时，加-es，读[iz]。

glass→glasses眼镜brush→brushes刷子

box→boxes 箱子church→churches教堂

bus→buses公共汽车watch→watches手表

③名词以元音字母+y结尾时，加-s，读作[z]；以辅音字母+ y结尾时，变y为i，再加-es，读[iz];专有名词中的y不变，直接加-s，读[z]。

boy→boys男孩story→stories故事baby→babies婴儿holiday

→holidays假期

④以辅音字母+o结尾时，一般加-es，读[z]。

tomato→tomatoes西红柿hero→heroes英雄

potato-potatoes 土豆piano，photo后只加-s，读[z]。piano→pianos钢琴photo→photos相片

⑤以-f，-fe结尾时，一般先把-f，-fe 变为v，再加-es，读[z]。leaf→leaves [li:vz] 树叶life→lives[laivz] 生命

knife→knives [naivz] 刀shelf→shelves架

half→halves 半thief→thieves 贼

（2）不规则复数形式的构成

①有很多名词的复数形式是不规则的。有些名词以改变元音的方法变为复数，有些辅音也有变化。

man→men男人woman→women女人

foot→feet脚tooth→teeth牙

mouse→mice鼠goose→geese鹅

ox→oxen公牛child→children儿童

②单数和复数为同一形式

名词如：deer, fish, sheep, Chinese等名词单复数同一形式。sheep→2 sheep绵羊fish→2 fish鱼

Chinese→2 Chinese中国人Japanese→2 Japanese日本人a

deer→two deer 鹿

③有些名词只用复数形式

trousers裤子goods货物clothes衣物

glasses眼镜scissors剪刀arms武器

④抽象名词一般为不可数名词，但也有些是可数的

hope→hopes希望idea→ideas主意job→jobs工作truth→truths真相

⑤物质名词一般不可数，但表示不同类别时也用复数。

tea-teas茶fruit-fruits水果food- foods 这些(不同种类的)食品fruit- fruits (各种)水果grass- grasses (各种)草正确区分

一、写出下列名词的复数形式

1、orange

2、class

3、text

4、monkey

5、piano

6、child

7、shelf 8、bed 9、country

10、family 11、toy 12、foot

13、Japanese 14、radio 15、photo

16、army 17、tomato 18、fox

19、woman 20、knife 22、sheep

23、water________ 24、milk________25、 rice__________ 26、tea__________

二、选择填空

1. There are four and two in the group.

A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, Germen

C. Japanese,German se, Germans

2. The boys have got already.

A. two bread

B. two breads

C. two pieces of bread

D. two piece of bread

3. The old man wants .

A. six boxes of apples

B. six boxes of apple

C. six box of apples

D. six boxs of apples

4. There some in the river.

A. is, fish

B. are, fishs

C. is, fishs

D. are, fish

_____ meeting room is near the reading room.

A. teacher

acher’s

rs’

rs

6. In Britain _____ are all painted red.

A. letter boxes

s boxes

C. letter box

s box

are_____ birds in that big tree.

A. hundreds of

B. five hundreds of

C. five hundred of

D. hundred of

8. I want to buy ________.

A. two bottles of ink

B. two bottle of ink

C. two bottle of inks

D. two bottles of inks

don’t have to do _______ today.

A. much homework

B. many homeworks

C. many homework

D. much homeworks

10. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.

A. cows, sheeps

B. cows, sheep

C. cow, sheep

D. cow, sheeps

11. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.

A. is, are

B. are, is

C. is, is

D. are, are

12. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.

A. two breads

B. two pieces of breads

C. two pieces of bread

D. two piece of bread

13. He bought _______.

A. two pairs of shoes

B. two pair of shoes

C. two pairs of shoe

D. two pair of shoe

四、用所给的单词的复数的正确形式填空：

1> There are three_____________(chair) in the classroom.

2> These_____________ (tomato) are red.

3> My brother looks after two_____________ (baby)

4> My father likes to eat_____________ (potato).

5> Chinese_____________ (people)like to eat noodles.

6> I have a lot of _____________ (toy) in my bedroom.

7> My mother wash_____________ (dish) in the kitchen.

8> I have two_____________ (pencil-box).

9> There are some_____________ (bus)in the street.

10> Monster has eight_____________ (foot).

五、选择填空

( )1．I can see three ________ in the zoo. A monkeys B

monkeys C monkey

( )2. The pig has four ________. A. foot B. feet C. foots ( )3. My

two brothers are ________. A. policeman B. policemans C.

policemen

( )4. I can see ten _____ in the picture. A. sheep B. dog C. pig

( )5. The _____ has three_____. A. boys, watches B. boy, watch

C. boy, watches

( )6. Can you see _______on the plate? A. bread B. breads

C. breades

( )7. The girl often brushes her_____ before she goes to bed.

A. tooth

B. tooths

C. teeth

( )8. Mr Black often drink some _________. A. milk B. milks

/doc/,kes

( )9. There are some _____on the floor. A. child B. man

C. books

( )10. Lucy will has some _______. A. photo B. photos C.

photoes

( )11. I am drinking two ________.

A. cups of water

B. cup of water

C. cups of water ( )12. The cat eats two _______ on Monday. A.

mouses B. mice C. mouse

( )13. I need a pen and some _____. A. books B. desk C. chair

( )14. There are______ in the room. A. photos B. photos C.

photo

( )15. There is some _____ in the river. A. fish B. fishes

C. fishs

( )16. There___ two ___in the box. A. is watch B. are watches C.

are watch

( )17. We have to clean ___ every day. tooth B. our

tooths C. our teeth

( )18. My _____ room is next to the reading room.

r

r’s

rs

( ) and Jim are ______. s

r

( ) many_____do they have? e es

C.a picture

六、用am, is, are 填空

1. I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not.

2. The girl______ Jack's sister.

3. The dog _______ tall and fat.

4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher.

5. ______ your brother in the classroom?

6. Where _____ your mother? She ______ at home.

7. How _______ your father?

8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school.

9. Whose dress ______ this?

10. Whose socks ______ they?