规则动词与不规则动词

2024年2月3日发(作者：)

规则动词与不规则动词

英语中大部分都是规则动词。规则动词都以加-ed词尾的方式构成过去式和过去分词；又以加-ing词尾的方式构成现在分词。

现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词

Listen Listened Listened Listening

Treat Treated Treated Treating

Wish Wished Wished wishing

Discuss Discussed Discussed discussing

但在加-ed及-ing词尾时要注意：

1． 若以字母e结尾:：去式及过去分词只需加-d；而现在分词则要除去e加上-ing（双e结尾的除外）。

Love→loved→loving acknowledge→acknowledged→acknowledging

live→lived→living please→pleased→pleasing

2．“辅音+y”结尾：过去式及过去分词应先变y为i，再加-ed；现在分词只加-ing。

study→studied→studying try→tried→trying fry→fried→frying

3．“元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾，该音节又重读者，末尾辅音字母要双写-e，再加上-ed或-ing。

plan→planned→planning beg→begged→begging prefer→preferred→preferring

permit→permitted→permitting

在其他情况下都直接加-ed或-ing：

Play→played→playing（虽以y结尾，但前面是元音字母a）

Pack→packed→packing（末尾是两个辅音字母，因此不需双写）

repeat→repeated→repeating（辅音字母前是两个元音字母，因此辅音字母无需双写）

open→opened→opening（后面音节不重读，因此末尾辅音字母也不需双写）

4．“一个元音字母+L”结尾的词，英国人双写，美国人不双写：

travel→travelled→travelling（英）travel→traveled→traveling（美）

cancel→cancelled→cancelling（英）cancel→canceled→canceling（美）

5．若“L”前面有两个元音字母，L则一概不双写：

reveal→revealed→revealing（英、美） appeal→appealed→appealing（英、美）

6．另有少数特殊的词，尽管末尾音节不重读，末尾辅音字母在英国仍然双写：

Worship→worshipped→worshipping（英）worship→worshiped→worshiping（美）

Kidnap→kidnapped→kidnapping（英）kidnap→kidnaped→kidnaping（美）

program→programmed（英）program→programed（美国有时用此拼法）

7．以“X”结尾的词，X不双写：

tax→taxed→taxing mix→mixed→mixing

在英语中，有些词在加-ed/-ing时，其末尾字母需要双写。常见的有下面这些：

abet abhor acquit admit allot ban bar bat

beg blot brag brim chat chop clap commit

compel confer control cram crop dam defer deter

dip distil dot drag drop drum dub embed

emit enrol enthral equip excel expel fan fit

flag get grin grip grog gun handicap hem

hop hug hum incur instil jam jog jot

knit knot lag log man mar mob mop

mug nag net nip nod occur omit outwit

pad pat patrol pen pin pit plan plod

plug pop prop propel rebel rebut recap refer

scan scar scarp scrub ship shop shred shrug

shun sin sip skid skim skin spot strip

slap slip slop slot snap sob strap thin

stab star stem step stir stop tap trimstun submit sun swap tag tan trek

transfer transmit throb tip top trap slam

trip trot vet wag wrap skip squat

另外，下面的词在加-ed和-ing时，在英国英语中末尾的字母要双写，而在美国英语中却不一定双写：Cancel initial Marvel pencil Revel

dial kidnap model program rival

equal label panel quarrel shovel

hiccup level pedal refuel shrivel

不规则动词数目虽然有限，但大多数是常用动词，例如：Beat→beat→beaten give→gave→given

become→became→become go→went→gone

begin→began→begun grow→grew→grown

blow→blew→blown have→had→had

break→broke→broken hear→heard→heard

bring→brought→brought hide→hid→hidden

build→built→built hit→hit→hit

burst→burst→burst hold→held→held

buy→bought→bought hurt→hurt→hurt

catch→caught→caught keep→kept→kept

choose→chose→chosen know→knew→known

come→came→come lay→laid→laid

cost→cost→cost lead→led→led

dig→dug→dug leave→left→left

do→did→done lend→lent→lent

draw→drew→drawn let→let→let

drink→drank→drunk lie→lay→lain

drive→drove→driven lose→lost→lost

eat→eat→eaten make→made→made

fall→fell→fallen mean→meant→meant

feel→felt→felt meet→met→met

find→found→found pay→paid→paid

fly→flew→flown put→put→put

forget→forgot→forgoten read→read→read

forgive→forgave→forgiven ride→rode→ridden

freeze→froze→frizen ring→rang→rung

get→got→got rise→rose→risen

spiral Tunnel

stencil unravel

total worship

travel

run→ran→run

say→said→said

see→saw→seen

sell→sold→sold

send→sent→sent

set→set→set

shake→shook→shaken

shine→shone→shone

shoot→shot→shot

show→showed→shown

shut→shut→shut

sing→sang→sung

sink→sank→sunk

sit→sat→sat

sleep→slept→slept

speak→spoke→spoken

spend→spent→spent

spin→span→spun

spread→spread→spread

spring→sprang→sprung

stand→stood→stood

steal→stole→stolen

stick→stuck→stuck

strike→struck→struck

swim→swam→swum

take→took→taken

teach→taught→taught

tear→tore→torn throw→threw→thrown

tell→told→told wake→woke→waken

think→thought→thought wear→wore→worn

understand→understood→understood

这里面有些词有两种拼法，例如：

英国拼法

burn→burnt→burnt

dream→dreamt→dreamt

lean→leant→leant

leap→leapt→leapt

learn→learnt→learnt

smell→smelt→smelt

spell→spelt→spelt

spill→spilt→spilt

spoil→spoilt→spoilt

美国拼法

burn→burned→burned

dream→dreamed→dreamed

lean→leaned→leaned

leap→leaped→leaped

learn→learned→learned

smell→smelled→smelled

spell→spelled→spelled

spill→spilled→spilled

spoil→spoiled→spoiled

weep→wept→wept

win→won→won

write→wrote→written

现在分词的构成法

现在分词一般由动词原形加-ing构成，如：

go→going stand→standing ask→asking answer→answering study→studying be→being

但在下列情况下，拼写应作相应变化：

1． 以不发音的-e结尾是动词，须去掉e再加-ing。如：

come→coming write→writing take→taking become→becoming

但当将-e去掉会引起发音变化时，最后的-e就应保留。如： agree→agreeing singe→singeing

另外，-e前为元音是，-e也应保留。如：canoe→canoeing

2． 动词是闭音节的单音节词，或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词，末尾只有一个辅音字母是，这个辅音字母须双写，再加-ing。如：

sit→sitting begin→beginning run→running admit→admitting stop→stopping forget→forgetting

3． 少数几个以-ie结尾的单音节动词，须变ie为y，再加-ing。如：

die→dying tie→tying lie→lying

-s词尾的加法

在一般现在时中，如果主语是第三人称单数，则动词一般需加-s词尾，如：

She works in a computer company. 她在电脑公司工作。

He gives me a lot of help. 他给我许多帮助。

一般情况下都直接加-s：comes lives plays listens

因此在使用一般现在时时要经常注意在第三人称单数动词后加-s词尾。在加-s词尾时要注意下面两点：

1． 在以ch，sh，s，x或o结尾的词后面要加-es：

teach→teaches catch→catches wish→wishes wash→washes miss→misses

guess→guesses mix→mixes fix→fixes go→goes do→does

2． 以“辅音+y”结尾的词，先变y为i再加-es:

try→tries study→studies reply→replies fly→flies

在加-s词尾时，读音有许多值得注意的地方：

1） 在/p/，/t/，/k/，/f/等清辅音后面，-s读作/s/：

Helps hopes lets gets asks thinks laughs coughs

2） 在/s/，/z/，/∫/，/t∫/，/ d3/等音后-s或-es读作/iz/：

Guesses stresses rises pleases washes brushes teaches catches urges wages

3） 在其他情况下都读作/z/：

comes goes sees brings reads lies shows begins forgives

动词的紧缩形式

主要的紧缩形式如下：

I am→I’m You are→you’re He is→he’s She is→she’s It is→it’s

We are→we’re They are→they’re There is→there’s There are→there’re

Here is→here’s That is→that’s I have→I’ve You have→you’ve

He has→he’s She has→she’s We have→we’ve They have→they’ve

Who has→who’s I had→I’d I shall/will→I’ll You will→you’ll

He will→he’ll She will→she’ll We shall/will→we’ll They will→they’ll

I would→I’d Who would→who’d

另外，否定结构也常有紧缩的形式：

I am not→I’m not we are not→we aren’t he is not→he isn’t he was not→he wasn’t

They were not→they weren’t we have not→we haven’t she has not→she hasn’t

They had not→they hadn’t we will not→we won’t I shall not→I shan’t

They would not→they wouldn’t we would not→we wouldn’t she did not→she didn’t

I do not→I don’t he does not→he doesn’t we can not→we can’t

they could not→they couldn’t you must not→you mustn’t he need not→he needn’t

she dare not→she daren’t we may not→we mayn’t she might not→she mightn’t

we ought not→we oughtn’t