英汉互译20篇

2024年2月5日发(作者：)

考博英语致胜功略

英汉互译20篇

Translation Passages

语篇翻译

英译汉

English-Chinese Translation

一．博士生英语入学考试英译汉部分试题说明和考核要求

博士生英语入学考试英译汉部分一般是段落翻译、篇章翻译，或给出一篇包含若干下划线句子的文章，要求根据全文意思将下划线句子翻译出来。博士生英译汉要求是“能借助词典，将难度较大、结构复杂的文章翻译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意。速度为每小时350个左右英文单词。”目前国家对博士生英语入学考试未作统一规定，由各招生学校或单位自行安排。但大纲规定博士生“英语入学水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的通过水平”，因此各校英语入学考试英译汉部分试题基本是根据大纲要求设计的。

二． English-Chinese Translation

英译汉

（一） 段落中划线句子翻译方法浅析

1．理解过程

通过阅读，抓住文章、段落、句子意思。切忌匆忙下笔，而应先吃透原文；然后再考虑其中某一句子的翻译；即在推敲某个句子前，先弄清全文意思。理解过程中障碍可用以下方法排除：

A.找出主题句

找出主题句就等于抓住了文章的“纲”。

B.理清上下逻辑关系

离开上下文，语言所表达的意思就会模糊不清。段落中的每个句子都跟上下文构成一种逻辑关系，或并列关系，或总分关系。这样，即使对某个句子不十分理解，通过分析上下文逻辑关系也能正确判断它的意思。对生词，可通过仔细阅读上下文，就可找到解释。段落与句子的关系是链条和链节的关系。

C. 注意语言标记词

标记词对理解句子和段落大意有重要作用，如but, however 表示转折，therefore是对上下文的概括， in other words是对上文的解释说明

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２．表达过程

理解大意的基础上，将仔细推敲过的划线句子用纯正汉语表达出来，就是表达过程。

千万不要受原文形式束缚而翻译出让人费解的句子。译文要忠实于原文，保持原文特色，而且符合汉语习惯。

用汉语将划线部分表达出来后，还应将译文对照原文进行仔细核查，为求没有遗漏和歧义的出现，而这是忠实原文的保证。之后，应进一步对译文进行语言上的润色和修饰，修正不恰当或不符合汉语习惯的表达。

（二）段落语篇翻译方法浅析

１．对语篇结构的分析和理解

翻译的操作过程可分为原文理解，译文表达，校对修改３个阶段。其中原文理解是基础。

对原文的理解应该采取宏观到微观的方法：

A．宏观分析，是对译文整体的认识。要求抓住原文的主旨，理顺原文的层次。

B. 对文章章节或段落进行结构分析，认清逻辑推进层次。每个段落也有自己的主题和层次。

C. 对段落中难懂的字句进行特别的分析和推敲，也是至关重要的。

２． 译文的表达

语言在交际过程中由于使用范围、场合和交际参与者的不同而形成不同文体。

A.新闻报道语篇有别于法律文献，叙事语篇不同于政论，正式讲演和朋友的私下交谈也有显著区别。因此，句子的衔接、语义的连贯、文体的贴切都是达到交际目的不可缺少的因素。

B.不同文体，句式也不同。论说文较长，结构较复杂，新闻报道则结构简明，信息密度大。科技文章则出现被动语态较多，而童话、神话则多用简单句。

C.不同文体语篇结构也不同。叙事文体以时间顺序组句成篇，描写语篇以空间顺序为主线，论说语篇则主要以逻辑层次的安排来布局谋篇。

３． 校对修改

检查有无误译和漏译之处，行文语言是否通顺和流畅，译文有无逻辑上错误。

三.练习和答案

Passage 1

Einstein was awarded Nobel Prize of Physics for his Photon theory. Actually his

contribution to the theory of Relativity is far more important than his Photon theory.

Nevertheless, the Nobel Prize Nominating Committee took a very prudent attitude to the

radical theory of relativity. In fact, Nobel Prize has never been awarded so far to the

founders of the theory of relativity.

What motivated Einstein and his successors most is neither wealth nor fame, nor

any other lofty goals, but the pure curiosity in science and aesthetics of science.

爱因斯坦因他的光子理论而获得诺贝尔物理学奖, 其实爱因斯坦因在相对论方面的贡献远远比他在光子理论的贡献重要得多。但是诺贝尔评奖委员会对激进的相对论持谨慎的态度。事实上迄今诺贝尔奖从未为相对论创立者颁发过。

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引导爱因斯坦以及他以后的科学家生涯的最大动机，不是财富，不是名声，业不是别的甚麽更高的目标，他们的主要动机是对科学的好奇心和科学的美学。

Passage 2

What is cyberspace? By Barlow' s definition, just about everybody has already

been to cyberspace. “It's marked by the feeling that the person you' re talking to is in the

same room. Most people take the spatial dimension of a phone conversation for granted

until they get a really bad connection or a glitchy conversation call. Then they start

raising their voice, as if by sheer volume they could propel it to the outer reaches of

cyberspace.

Cyberspace, of course, is bigger than a telephone call. It encompasses the millions

of personal computers connected by modems via the telephone system to commercial

online services, as well as the millions more with high - speed links to local area

networks, office E-mail systems and the Internet. It includes the rapidly expanding

wireless services: microwave towers that carry great quantities of cellular phone and

data traffic; communications satellites strung like beads in geosynchronous orbit; low -

flying satellites that will soon crisscross the globe like angry bees connecting folks too

far - flung or too much on the go to be fastened by wires. Someday even our television

sets may he part of cyberspace, transformed into interactive teleputers" by so- called

full- service networks like the ones several cable - TV companies are building along

the old cable lines, using fiber optics arid high speed switches.

什么是赛百空间？按约翰·帕利·巴洛的说法，赛百空间可以最言简意赅地定义为“你利用电话进行交谈时所处的空间”。 当然, 赛百空间之所云比打电话更广泛。它包括数以百万计的计算机用调制解调器通过电话系统相连形成的联网商业服务系统， 它接入当地高速信息网络、办公电子邮件和国际互联网之中。它包括发展迅速的无线服务系统：负责大量的手机信号与数据传输的微波发射塔；连珠似的运行于地球同步轨道上的通讯卫星；象怒蜂一样穿梭往返于地球与太空之间的低空卫星，它们把用线路联络显得太远或花费太多的人们联原来的电缆线，利用光缆和高速转换器建成的那种所谓的全方位服务网络那样。

Passage 3

It would be more regretful to idle your life out than you die young or die old. It is

quite possible that a person who die at his eighteenth would live more fruitfully than a

person who die at eighty. We do believe that it would be better for him to pass each

passing day worthfully than to accumulate lots of valuable experience regardless of the

consequences. That is to say, he should try to pass each day of his life as if it would be

the only day in his life. It means that he should try his best to cope with all the

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depressions and pains in his life peacefully and forcefully. He should try his utmost to

find means to get access to life and increase and keep the interest and value of life.

不论是英年早逝, 还是老年故去,都没有比虚度年华更令人遗憾。一个人活了十八岁可能比另一个人活了八十年活得更加充实。对于生活，我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他以为是有价值的经验，而是应该过好每天的时光。也就是说，他总是把每一天当作似乎那是他生命中唯一的一天来过。这意思是说，人应当要寻求平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦。提示坚持不懈地努力去发现能更接近生活的办法，增加并维持生活的乐趣和价值。

Passage 4

One of the biggest mysteries in human history of the modern world in which we

live is the unique integration of many elements of China and the West. It is highly

probable that over the half of the dominant inventions and discoveries have their origin

from China, which is hardly known to the outside world.

Why didn't we Chinese realize such an important truth? The main reason is that the

declining and corruption of China in recent 100 years since the Opium War deface the

Chinese people and make them lose their self-respect, thus failing to see this point. If

the inventors and discoverers didn't persist in their own rights for originality and even

lost the memory of such rights, why would the successors of these inventions and

discoveries like to worry about returning such rights to the real originators? So it is a

real problem that the westerners are still reluctant to admit this fact until now. It would

be comfortable to lie on the glory of the laurel to credit themselves with the claim that

they attained such a height in science independently without any help of others.

人类历史上鲜为人知的最大奥秘之一就是我们居于其中的现代世界是中国和西方多种成分的独特综合。很可能现代世界所赖以建立的一半以上的主要的发明和发现都是来源于中国。而这是鲜为人知的。

为什么我们中国人没有认识到这种巨大的真理呢？主要的原因是中国自鸦片战争一百多年来中国的衰败使中国人失去了自尊感，因而看不到这一点。如果这些发现发明的创始人自己就不再坚持自己的首创权利了，甚至他们自己对这些创造的记忆都淡薄了，为什么他们的继承者还要煞费苦心地把这些失去的首创权利物归原主呢？直到现在还要很多西方人是否原意知道事实真象依然是个问题。自我满足于认为是西方人自己孤立无助地达到了他们今天的地位，总比把这些发明创造的功劳归于别人更舒服些

Passage 5

It is often a puzzle for most children to learn to read. It is estimated that about 20 % of the

Americans who experience barriers to turn the letters on a page into sounds. The recent research in

brain image-formation helps to determine the positions where such generation and transformation

are done. This is actually a very significant result. It has disclosed the neural basis why some quite

clever people may experience difficulty in reading. But it is the second finding of this research that

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accounts for the common concern. That is the difference between the man and woman with their

reading barrier.

The chief scientist of this research is the pediatrician Sari Schultz and her husband, the

neurologist Bennett. Their research interest does not lie in the sex difference in reading. Rather, it

aims at showing what parts of human brain are most active in language transfer through measuring

the minor change of the blood flow in the brain by means of the most advanced image-formation

technology-nuclear magnetic resonance to reflect the image-formation process in human brain.

But

Sari Schultz said that it would be more accurate to adopt nuclear magnetic resonance. This is

how they have finally defined the position of sound processing in human brain, or the sex difference

in sound transformation in reading.

对于多数儿童来说，学会阅读是学习实践中的一个难题。估计有20％的美国人在把书页上的字母转换成声音时经常出现障碍。最近大脑成像方面的研究确定这种貌似神奇般的转换发生的部位。这是个非常重要的结果：第一步就是解开了为什么一些相当聪明而在阅读方面有困难的人们的神经基础。但引起关注的热点是这项研究的第二项成果，也就是女人在阅读方面发生的障碍与男人不同。

这项研究的主持者儿科专家萨利. 舍维茨和她的丈夫，神经学家贝内特。 舍维茨研究的不是男女的性别差异, 他们研究采用了现有最先进的反映大脑成像技术实用磁共振成像，象其它反映大脑成像技术一样，通过测试血流的微小变化来显示大脑的哪些部分最活跃。但是，

萨利. 舍维茨说实用磁共振成像技术比其它技术更精确，这也就是他们如何终于发现了在音位处理，或者说读音转换方向的性别差异。

Passage 6

The world Intellectual Property Organization, or WIPO for short, --was set up

according to the treaty signed in Stockholm in 1967. This treaty was put into effect in

1970. China was invited to join the treaty On June 3rd, 1980.

The world Intellectual Property Organization is an organization among

governments whose headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. It is one of the specialized

institutions under the United Nations’ intellectual property system. The headquarters is

in charge of improving the protection of the world intellectual properties in the world

sphere through the international cooperation.

The intellectual properties include two main parts: the industrial properties and the

publishing properties.

The industrial property protection is mainly concerned with the protection of the

inventions in trademarks and designs of industrial products. It also stipulates the

prohibition of improper competition. The former three aspects have something in

common for their exclusive methods in protecting intellectual properties, such as

inventions, trademarks and the product surface outlooks, etc. However, it has nothing to

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do with the patent rights in prohibiting unfair competition. It is mainly about the

prevention of unfair competitions in dishonest business behaviors.

The protection of publication properties is usually concerned with that of literary

and art works, whose forms may include literature, music, painting, cubic products or

their combinations (such as operas and films). Almost all the countries copy rights

stipulate the protection of the following types of works: literature, music, fine arts,

photographs and film photography.

世界知识产权组织—英语简称为“WIPO—The World Intellectual Property Organization”---是根据1967年在斯德哥尔摩签订的公约而成立的,该公约于1970年生效,中国于1980年6月3日加入公约.

世界知识产权组织为一政府间组织,总部设在日内瓦,它是联合国世界知识产权组织系统下的许多专门结构之一,它负责通过国际间的合作促进对全世界知识产权的保护.

知识产权包括两个主要部分:工业产权和版权. 工业产权主要是对发明﹑商标和工业品外观设计的保护,以及制止不正当竞争.前三项有一些共同点,因为对发明制止不正当竞争﹑商标和工业品外观的设计都是用专属实施权的方式保护的(如专利权). 制止不正当竞争同专属权无关.而是反对违犯诚实经营工商业的竞争行为.版权所涉及的对象通常是 “文学艺术作品”. 作品的表现形式可以是文学﹑音乐﹑图画﹑立体作品或其组合物(如歌剧或电影).几乎所有国家的版权都规定保护以下类型的作品: 文学﹑音乐﹑艺术﹑摄影以及电影摄影等作品。

Passage 7

Since the hype began in the middle 1980s, virtual reality (VR) has captivated public

interest with pictures of people wearing enormous goggles and sensors-laden gloves.

The technologies used to immerse people in a computer - generated world will, however,

change radically during the coming decade, making the begoggled cybernaut as quaint

an image as the undersea explorer in a heavy metal diving helmet. _

The important thing about VR is that it does rather than how its effects are

achieved: it permits people to behave as if they were somewhere they are not. That

place may be a computational fiction or a recreated environment from another place or

time. VR transports perceptions by appealing to several senses-- sight, hearing and

touch--and by presenting images that respond immediately to one’s movements. The

techniques for creating this illusion differ depending on the kind of place being visited

and what a user want to do while there. A pilot in a flight simulator, for example, might

need hydraulic actuators to simulate banks and forms, whereas a molecular biologist

exploring the bonds between molecules might need particularly fine position sensors

and mechanisms to simulate the “feel” of interatomic forces.

自从本世纪八十年代中期以来，虚拟现实就开始强烈地吸引着公众的兴趣，人们戴着巨大的头盔观望镜和布满感应器的手套。技术曾经使人们沉浸于一个电脑主宰的世界之中; 然而，

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今后的十几年间，将产生巨大的变化，从而使得戴着头盔观望镜的赛百空间遨游者的形象十分时髦，就象戴着沉重的潜海头盔的海底探险者一样。

对虚拟现实而言，重要的是它所产生的什么样的效果，而不是它是如何产生这些效果的。虚拟现实能使人们感到自己好象处于一个他们从未到过的境界之中。这种境界似乎是计算机文艺创作出来的；也可能是从另一时间、空间再创造而成的。虚拟现实通过同时刺激几种感觉，如视觉、听觉、触觉，并通过人对各种运动迅速作出反应的反应，来展示形象的

Passage 8

In an on demand world, the ability to sense and respond to change in customer

needs will be more important than size. Since change will be unpredictable, flexibility

will be of the utmost importance. Fixed costs will reduce your flexibilityvariable

costs will increase it.

The new business model will require a corresponding on demand operating

environment--built on open standards to allow quick, easy and cost-effective innovation

and reconfiguration.

In the on demand era, processes will have to be integrated from one end to the other

 so a customer order, for example, creates a ripple effect in which every part of the

organization responds appropriately to the impact of the order: logistics, manufacturing

and distribution. The level of integration needed to make this happen is a big challenge

but a huge opportunity.

In this era, you'll need an e-business partner you can trust, e-business tools that

work in new ways and e-business people who understand your business as well as the

technology it runs on.

A partner, in other words, like IBM

在一个迎合需求的世界上，对顾客需求方面的变化保持敏感与做出反应的能力将比需求量大小更重要。 因为变化是难以预料的，灵活性就最为重要。固定的成本将降低你的灵活性，反之，变化的成本将增加这种灵活性。

这种新的商业模式要求一种相应的按需求运作的环境，这种环境是建立在考虑到快速、容易、有效利用成本的革新和重组产品类型的开放性标准之上的。

在这个迎合需求的时代，程序将需要从头到尾的一体化。因为顾客的订货创造了一种起伏不定的效应，其中组织工作的每一部分：后勤部门、制造部门和销售部门，都要对订货的影响做出适当反应。为此所需要的一体化程度是一种巨大的挑战，但又是一种巨大的商机。

在这个时代，你需要一个你能信赖的电子商业伙伴，一套以新方式现在正在发生着转变，这个转变是以电子商务为动力，并受到各种运作的电子商务手段，和一套能够理解你的商业活动和运作人马。

换言之，要有一个像IBM这样的伙伴。

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Passage 9

New Zealand is a nature lover's paradise. You don't need contrived amusement parks or

fenced-off 'scenic areas. （1）All you have to do is take a stroll and you can: breathe,

touch and see the beauty of this country.

（2）Wondrous scenery, pollution free, good climate, what more

can one ask for?

No skyscraper in cities at all. A four or five-storied building is a high and huge one in South Island.

Hence there is nothing to block the sight. （3）I like the fact that walking outside and, even on the way to

the grocery store, I can see the most breathtaking scenery all around me.

（4）Secluded inlets, rugged snow-capped mountains, wild coast and picturesque

farming plains, all are like something that appears only in fairy tales. The West-coast

beaches attracted me most. Sitting on the black shimmering sand, listening to the wind

singing, watching the prairie we were exposed to and pristine picture. really “heaven

comes true”!

（5）We could not help killing thirteen rolls of films during. our stay. These photos

allow us to relish our memories of New Zealand even till today.

（1）你全部要做的就是出去遛弯儿，你能够呼吸到、触摸到、亲眼看到这个国家的美丽。

（2）美妙的风光、没有污染、气候良好、富有挑战性的活动...我们还能要求什么哪？

（3）外出散步，甚至在去商店购物的路上，我都能看到我的周围令人叹为观止的风光，这是我颇为喜欢的事情。

（4）幽静的海湾，起伏不定的白雪覆盖的山顶，宽阔的海岸，还有风景如画的田园风光，所有这些都像只有在神话股市中才能看到的那种景色。

（5） 我们在逗留中情不自禁地用掉了13卷胶卷，这些照片直到如今都能使我们喜欢回味的新西兰之行留下的的记忆。

Passage 10

Italy, the land of Dante, declared war on officialese(官样文章) recently, vowing to simplify the way

the state communicates with its citizens.(1) “This is a cultural revolution our relationship with

citizens,” Civil Service Minister Franco Frattini told a news conference to unveil a Project to make

bureaucratic language understandable. The project called "Chiaro!" (Clear!), aims to rid the language

used in bureaucratic texts of complex clauses and confusing terms. (2)While Italians were keeping

their fingers crossed it would succeed, Frattini acknowledged it would be an uphill struggle.

(3)Many existing government texts would be changed into more simple language but the hardest part

would be to teach old dogs new tricks. “It would be useless to translate the documents and not train

personnel to stop using ancient, incomprehensible language," he said. (4)Ministries would be

encouraged to compete for a "Chiaro!" (Clear!) stamp, which be awarded only to departments and

智力服务于中国，提高企业与个人整体竞争力 第8页

ministries that wrote simply. Professor Alfredo Fioritto, who heads a task of legal experts and

linguists. admitted it was going tough. "There are hundreds of years of tradition to today the

government speaks like it did in the nineteenth century," he said. (5)"Simplifying language is very

difficult. It means you have to know what you are talking about.

(1)“这是政府与国民关系的—次文化革命。”这次定名为“奇亚罗!”(明白!)的行动目的是去除公文语言中那些复杂的从句和混乱的术语。

(2)意大利人都盼望这次行动能够成功，但弗拉蒂尼承认这会是一场艰苦的斗争。

(3)他说： “单是改变文件没什么用，必须培训有关人员，让他们停止使用古老的、无法理解的语言。”

(4)政府将鼓励各部门去争夺“奇亚罗’标志，只有那些公文简明的部门才能获得这—荣誉。

(5)“简化语言是很困难的事情。这意味着你必须知道自己在说什么

汉译英

Chinese-English Translation

一． 博士生英语入学考试汉译英部分试题说明和考核要求

汉译英部分旨在考察考生掌握汉英翻译的方法技巧、语言翻译能力以及汉英翻译所必备的语言文化知识。博士生汉译英要求考生是“能够将中等难度200-250个汉字的短文译成英语约250-300单词，无语言错误，基本符合英语表达习惯，笔译速度达到每小时250个左右汉字；考查考生选择恰当的英语单词、词组和句型来准确表达汉语意思的能力；适当考查考生对增、减、变词义、断句和合句等汉译英基本技巧的运用能力。”目前国家对博士生英语入学考试未作统一规定，由各招生学校或单位自行安排。但大纲规定博士生“英语入学水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的通过水平”，因此各校英语入学考试汉译英部分试题基本是根据大纲要求设计的。

二．汉译英

Chinese-English Translation

（一）汉译英方法浅析

1. 翻译以“忠”为标准

A. 内容上忠于原文

一个句子常有多种译法，各有利弊，有的忠实原文，有的放在整篇文章中显得较顺，有的更为忠于原文的整体精神。一篇文章的好坏，取决于其是否忠实于原文的立场、观点和主题思想。如果译文在全局上不忠于原文，那在其他细节上再忠实于原文也不是好的译文。

B. 语言以“顺”为目标

智力服务于中国，提高企业与个人整体竞争力 第9页

指在体裁、文风、文章的准确性、生动性、通顺程度等语言特点上忠于原文。

2. 使译文表达确切的方法

A. 句型的选择

基本句型

①SV(主-动) Jean works.

②SVC(主-系-表) The plan sounds perfect.

③SVO(主-动-表) John uses a computer.

④SVOiOd(主-动-间宾-直宾) John will buy his a dress.

⑤SVOCo(主-动-宾-宾补) John considers his child a genius.

我们还应知道，英语句子的变换主要是其主语和谓语语序的变换，和谓语及其宾语、补语、状语等成分的增减和变化。

B. 词汇的选择

① 根据语境选词

例如甲乙见面，甲说：上课了？根据不同语境翻译为：

“Have you just finished your class？”（乙走出教室，甲问）

“How is your first class？”（乙刚开始任课，甲问）

“Has the bell gone？”或“Am I late for Class？”（甲急着上课，路上问乙）

② 注意汉英语言词语搭配的不同习惯

如 表示“大”不能一并用big

大雨 heavy rain 大路 a main street

大门 an enterance door 大局 overall situation

C．词语的增减

① 汉语有许多无主句，英语句子则一般要有主语，翻译时可采用被动式或There

be…结构，补出一个主语。例：

难以预料他将干什么。

There is no telling what he’ll do .

亲不亲，一家人嘛。

Relatives or not, we are of one family.

② 词的省略也是汉译英的常见现象。有些汉语词在译文中是多余的，可以或必须删去。举例：

生也好、死也好，我们要忠于祖国，忠于人民，忠于这项事业。

Live or die, we should be loyal to our country, to our people and to our course.

再有一些表示范畴的词可不必译出。举例：

我们必须结束这种社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。

We must put to an end the social unrest and upheaval.

这里，“局面”不用翻译成situation, status,condition等。

③ 注意词类的转换

汉语的动词可以转换成英语的名词。举例：

智力服务于中国，提高企业与个人整体竞争力 第10页

绝对不许违反这个原则。

No violation of this principle can be tolerated.

还可以转换成形容词。举例：

我们为他的健康担忧。

I am anxious about his health.

还可以转换成介词。举例：

我们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持实验。

We kept on our experiment in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.

三.练习和答案

Passage 1

中华民族文化的地缘特征及其衍变趋势

中国的民族文化从总体来讲是在一种相对封闭的地理环境中形成的。地缘特征成为组成族群文化差异的最原初的因素，如东夷、南蛮、西戎或北狄之区分。族群成员的迁徒把原居地形成的地缘文化特征带到异地发展。在这一过程中自身文化又发生变异。 这就造成当前有的同一族群文化在不同地区差异很大，也有的同一地区不同族群文化的面貌相对接近的状况。当前得益于改革开放，地区封闭状态正在逐渐被打破，由于市场经济的作用，具有地缘特征的文化产品正在被开发利用，民族文化的地缘特征得到保护和发扬。但同时，空前展现多姿多彩文化内涵的中国民族文化的整体的统一性也正在增强。

Geographical Features of the Culture

of the Chinese nation and their Evolutionary Trends

The culture of the Chinese nation as a whole has been evolved and formed in a comparatively

close-up surroundings. It is these geographical features of the Chinese nation that contribute to the

primary and essential elements of the cultural varieties of the different ethnic groups in the whole

country, such as Dong-Yi, Xi-Rong, Nan-Man and Bei-Di. Migration of the various ethnic

minorities have brought the features of their original geographical cultures to their new homesite and

at the same time adapted to the new ones of their new homes in turn. This accounts for the

remarkable disparities between the cultures of some ethnic groups as well as the seemingly great

similarities between some others. At present, the close-up or secluded state of the different areas and

regions had been broken up as a result of the implementation of the opening policy. The natural

products with outstanding geographical features have been developed as our national treasures and

the Geographical Features of the culture of our ethnic minorities have received careful protection

and further development. At the same time, the great inseparable integration of the Chinese Culture

has been being strengthened with its unprecedented colorful multiplicity of cultural connotation.

智力服务于中国，提高企业与个人整体竞争力 第11页

Passage 2

科学杰出之处就在于它能创造人为的可控之物，科学和工程学使我们能够建造我们今天得以生活在其中的部分人工化了的环境，在这个环境里充满了无数大桥、卡车、飞机、抗生素和基因变异物种. 我们很有可能建造一个日益更加人为化，也因而渐渐更加可知的未来世界。

有两种局限性制约着预测能力的发展。首先，随着科学和工程学所创造的东西越来越大，越来越复杂，这些东西本身很可能变得不可预测。大型软件，随着其自身的扩展和完善，能发展成一个程度的自然物所具有的复杂性，且获得一定能力，来干扰或以不可预测的方式进行活动。第二，在我们的日益人为化的世界里，自然会有大批个性极端复杂性情怪僻完全不可理解的人居于其中。

The outstanding feature of science lies in its ability to create artificial, controllable things.

Science and engineering has made us able to live in an environment today in which we live partly

humanized. In such a world, we can have countless bridges, cars, planes, antibodies and gene

mutations. We'll probably build a more and more artificial and therefore ever-increasingly knowable

future world.

There exist two constraints which limit the growth of man's predictability. First of all, with the

increase of the size and complexity of the things science has ever devised, things science has ever

built up will be becoming more and more unpredictable. The large-sized softwares will be developed

into something whose natural substances may have the complexities which some natural

characteristics

Passage 3

一些国际环境组织近年来已改变了它们的保护策略。它们努力拯救整个自然环境，而不是在一段时间内只力图拯救一个物种。许多专家感到在过去的15年中，最为成功的是在世界上几乎所有的国家都有了国家动植物保护区和保护公园。这意味着天然的野生生物区将继续供养着许多种相互依存的野生动植物。

A number of international environmental organizations have changed their conservation

policies in recent years. Instead of attempting to save one species at a time, they are trying to save a

complete natural environment. Many experts feel that the greatest successes in the past 15 years have

been in creating national protected areas and parks in almost all countries of the world. This means

natural wild areas will remain to support many kinds of wildlife that depend on each other.

Passage 4

在1997年法兰克福 (Frankfurt) 汽车展览会上，美国汽车制造商克莱斯勒 (Chrysler) 公司引起了世界汽车工业界的注意，该公司预测，未来的轿车可能会采用与现在生产软饮料瓶的塑料相同的材料。悬而未决的问题仍然是汽车制造中用的塑料“注入成型”技术，这种技术在美国本是用于生产“饮料瓶”的。

American carmaker Chrysler caught the attention of the world’s automotive industry at the

1997 Frankfurt Motor Show by predicting that future cars would be made from the same plastic

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which is now used in soft drink bottles. Questions still hang over the special car-building version of

the plastic “injection moulding” technology used to make “pop bottles” in the United States.

Passage 5

现在人们不知道空壳婚姻的数量— 可能与美满婚姻一样多。空壳婚姻的家庭气氛没有多少乐趣或欢笑声。成员间对各自的麻烦事或经历闭口不谈。交流保持在最低限度。在这样的家庭中，孩子通常都渴望爱。他们不愿让朋友到家里来，因为要是让朋友看到他们的父母吵架，他们会感到难堪。

The number of empty-shell is unknown— itg may be as high as the number of happily married

couples. The atmosphere in empty-shell marriages is without much fun or laugher. Members do not

share and discuss their problems or experiences with each other. Communication is kept to minimum.

Children in such families are usually starved for love and reluctant to have friends over as they are

embarrassed about having their friends see their parents quarreling.

Passage 6

经济学里的需求与通常意义上的需求略有不同。例如：不懂经济学的人常常用这个词表示某种产品的需求量。于是，如果价格要下调，人们需要更多该种产品时，那么人们一般会说需求增加。对经济学家来说，需求是一系列价格和此价格所需的一系列相应数量的关系。如果仔细读一下前面的句子，那么需求的数量与需求的差异就应该变得很清楚地了。这一区别常常被混淆，因而，我们都应该意识到并了解二者的区别。

In economics, demand implies something slightly different from the common meaning of the term.

The layman, for example, often uses the term to mean the amount that is demanded of an item. Thus,

if the price were to decrease and individuals wanted more of the item, it is commonly said that

demand increases. To an economist, demand is a relationship between a series of prices and a series

of corresponding quantities that are demanded at these prices. If one reads the previous sentences

carefully, it should become apparent that there is a distinction between the quantity demanded and

demand. The distinction is often a point of confusion and we all should be aware of and understand

the dirrerence between these two terms.

Passage 7

六十年代，欧洲一直存在早婚的倾向。许多年轻人刚步入青春期就与异性约会。进入高中后关系则稳步发展，然后在大学毕业前就结婚。许多学生结婚是为了逃避无聊的家庭生活或逃避没有朋友，生活孤独的个人烦恼。不幸的是早婚很少有助于以上问题的解决，却常常使这些问题变得更加严重。从根本上来讲，他们对婚姻的期待充满了幻想。因此这些期待无法实现，随之而来的是幻想破灭后的凄惨。

There has been a clear trend toward early marriage in European since 60s. Many youth begin

dating in the first stages of adolescence,“go steady” through high school, and many before their

formal education has been completed. Many students are marrying as an escape from an unsatisfying

home life or their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. The sad fact is tht early

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marriage seldom solves one’s problems; more often, it merely intensifies them. Their expectations of

marriage are essentially illusive, therefore incapable of fulfillment and tragic disllusionment is often

bound to follow.

Passage 8

多数事情是不能没有而独自享受的 —— 但是阅读却可以。当我们独自坐在家中时，我们能漫游全世界，并且能够明白成千上万种事物产生的道理。我们生活在现代，却能与生活在数千年的人交谈。读书能丰富我们的阅历。读书使我们能体验到别人对生活的感受，哪怕他们生活在千里之外或数百年之前。尽管我们可能是微不足道的，但我们却能和聪明人交朋友。只有书籍能给我们这些乐趣。那些不能享受读书之乐的人是贫乏的人，而那些最喜欢读书的人，可以从中得到最大的幸福和满足。

Most things cannot be enjoyed without friends — but reading can. While sitting alone in our

house we can travel around the entire world, and we can understand the reason for thousands of

things. Living in this age we can talk with those who lived thousands of years ago. Reading broadens

our experience. It enables us to feel how others felt about life, even if they lived thousands of miles

away and centuries ago. Although we may be unworthy, we can become the friends of wise men.

Only books can give us these pleasures. Those who cannot enjoy them are poor men; those who

enjoy them most obtain the most happiness from them.

Passage 9

在实验室里，宇航员进行太空旅行训练。其所处的环境与太空飞行的环境相仿。他们需要花很多时间准备适应太空中发生的巨大变化。当太空船以极快的速度离开地球时，宇航员感到他们仿佛被挤压向宇宙飞船底板。此后，当他们离开引力区时，他们就无法停留在一个地方。就连吃饭、喝水等简单动作都变得非常困难。假如你在倒立或躺卧时试图喝一杯水，那么你就会对宇航员必须应付的环境略有了解。

In the laboratories where astronauts are trained for their joruneys, they are subjected to conditions

that resemble those of flight. It take time for trhem to prepare for the great changes that occur in

space. When the speceship leaves the earth at tremendous speed, the astronauts feel as if they are

being crushed against the spaceship floor. Later, when they leave the zone of the earth’s gravitation,

they are unable to stay in one place. Simple actions, such as eating and drinking, become very

difficult to perform. You may get an vague idea of what the astronauts have to deal with if you try to

drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.

Passage 10

随着物质生活的繁荣和发展，广告在日常生活中变得越来越重要了。广告提供产品的最新信息，没有广告，消费者就不能了解附近的商店里都有什么货物。广告有助于时常的发展，因为货卖得越多，价格就越便宜。广告还为报纸杂志，广播电台和电视台等单位提供了资金。

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然而，对于广告也有不同意见。有人认为广告并未给我们提供很多信息，相反，广告只是为了激发购买欲，为人们并不需要的商品制造一种需求的范围。此外，广告也使商品的价格提高。

实际上，事物都有两个方面，广告也不例外。但在今天的世界里，广告不仅是必要的，而且是有益的。

With the development material prosperity, advertisements have become more and more

important in our dailuy life.

Advertisements give the newset information about products. If there were no advertising,

consumers could not know about goods in nearby shops. Advertisements help market develop.

Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper. Advertisements also provide money for

newspapers, magazine, radio and TV stations, etc.

But there are also some opinions against advertising. Some people think that advertisements

do not give much information but only try to persuade you to buy. They create a demand for goods

that are not really needed. Besides, advertising adds to the price of goods.

Actually, every coin has two sides. Advertising is without exception. But in today’s world,

advertising is not only necessary but also helpful.

智力服务于中国，提高企业与个人整体竞争力 第15页