第一课--音标与自然拼读法

2024年2月6日发(作者：)

跟曾老师学英语

第一课：学会音标与自然拼读法--快速记背单词

问题点与本课目的：

不知道为什么，现在的学校课堂教学中不重视音标教学了。不学音标，学生如何学会自己去拼读单词？音标如同汉语拼音一样，不学拼音如何将一个汉字的音读标准？从构造的原理来说，英文单词是表音的。也就是说，只要学会音标与自然拼读法，每看到一个单词，我们马上就可以猜测出它的大致发音。同样，只要会读我们马上就可以猜测出一个单词大致是如何拼写的。这对于记背单词是极有帮助的。所以，学习音标与自然拼读法对于记背英文单词可以起到事半功倍的效果，这是一堂必修课。

英文共有48个音标，分成二大类。一类是元音，共20个，相当于汉语中的“韵母”，一类是辅音，共28个，相当于汉语中的“声母”。

第一部分：48个音标

P1-1. 20个元音：

元音共有20个，分成单元音（也叫短元音）、长元音、双元音三组。

A. 单元音7个：

单元音指单个的元音，因为发音一般较短，所以也叫短元音。根据发音部位的不同，我们又将单元音分成三小组：

喉咙底部音 喉咙中部音 喉咙顶部音

3个喉咙音

[

i ]

扁嘴音

[

e ]

圆嘴音

[

Ə ]

2个嘴巴音

[

u ]

小张嘴音

[

ɔ ]

大张嘴音

2个嘴+喉音

注意：单元音在发音时要注意“短而促”。

1

[

ʌ ] [

æ ]

B. 长元音5个：

上述单元音中，有4个是可以将音拉长发成长音的，因此叫长元音。

另外，有一个音非常特殊，[ a ]这个音没有出现在音标表中，但部分单词的发音中却有这个单元音，比如what这个单词就可以发作[ wat ]。[ a ]这个音拉长发作[ a: ]。

备注：字母E的读音为[ i:

]，字母R的读音为[ a:

]。

C. 双元音8个：

双元音指二个单元音组合构成的音。根据收尾音的不同，我们又将双元音分成三小组：

以[

Ə ]结尾的：

以[

i ]结尾的：

以[

u ]结尾的：

[

i: ]

[

Ə: ]

[

u: ]

[

ɔ: ]

[

a: ]

[

iƏ]

[ ei

]

[ ai

]

[

ɔi

]

[

Əu

]

[

au

]

[

eƏ ]

[

uƏ ]

注意：双元音在发音时要注意将音发完整，千万不要漏掉结尾音。

备注：字母A的读音为[ ei

]，字母I的读音为[ ai

]，字母O的读音为[

Əu

]。

备注说明1：

在汉语中，有些字的读音就只有声母，比如“爱”读作“ai”,“阿”读作“a”…。

同样，在英文单词中，一个元音就可以构成一个单词。比如：

[

Ə

]---a, 一（人，事，物） [

eƏ

]---air, 空气

[

ɔ

]---or, 或者 [

ai

]---I, 我；eye, 眼睛

[ a:

]---are, 是 [

ai

]---I, 我；eye, 眼睛

[

iƏ

]---ear, 耳朵

这样一类单词，我们把它们叫作纯元音单词。

备注说明2：

1). 26个英文字母中，只有元音字母或元音字母组合才可以发成元音。

2). 4个只能发成元音的字母为：Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo，我们把它们叫作纯元音字母。

3). 2个既可以发成元音又可以发成辅音的字母为：Uu, Yy，叫作半元音半辅间字母。

4). 其它只能发成辅音的字母，我们把它们叫作辅音字母。

2

P1-2. 28个辅音：

辅音共有28个，分成爆破音、摩擦音、双辅音（破擦）、鼻音、舌则音、半元音四组。

A. 爆破音3组6个：

[

p ]

[

b ]

B. 摩擦音4组半9个：

[

t ]

[

d ]

[

k ]

[

d ]

清辅音

浊辅音

[

f ]

[

v ]

[

s ]

[

z ]

[

θ

]

[

ð ]

[

ʃ ]

[

ʒ ]

[

h ]

清辅音

浊辅音

C. 双辅音（破擦音）3组6个：

[

tʃ ]

[

dʒ ]

D. 鼻音3个：

[

ts ]

[

dz ]

[

tr ]

[

dr ]

清辅音

浊辅音

[

m ]

E. 舌则音、半元音4个：

舌则音

半元音

[

n ]

[

ŋ ]

[

l ]

[

y ]

[

r ]

[

w ]

注意：

1). 清辅音不振动声带，浊辅音则振动声带。

2).“[ l ]”在元音前与元音后发音不同，读时请注意：

3).“[ θ、ð、ʃ、ʒ、tʃ、dʒ ]”几个音是汉语发音中没有的，读时请注意：

“[ θ、ð ]”这二个音，读的时候牙齿要轻轻咬住舌头，气流中牙齿缝中出；

“[ ʃ ]”这个音，读的时候嘴唇皮一定要往外翻（做亲嘴样）；

“[ tʃ ]”这个音有点象杭州话中“吃”的这个音；

“[ dʒ ]”这个音有点象闽南话中“吃”的这个音。

3

48个音标汇总表

单元音

长元音

元音（20个）

[

i ]

[

i: ]

[

iƏ]

[

e ]

[

Ə ]

[

u ]

[

ɔ ]

[

ʌ ]

[

æ ]

[

Ə: ]

[

u: ]

[

ɔ: ]

[ ei

]

[ ai

]

[

ɔi

]

[

Əu

]

[

au

]

[

a: ]

双元音

[

eƏ ]

[

uƏ ]

辅音（28个）

[

p ]

爆破音

[

t ]

[

d ]

[

s ]

[

z ]

[

ts ]

[

dz ]

[

n ]

[

r ]

[

w ]

[

k ]

[

d ]

[

θ

]

[

ð ]

[

tr ]

[

dr ]

[

ŋ ]

清辅音

浊辅音

清辅音

浊辅音

清辅音

浊辅音

[

b ]

[

f ]

[

ʃ ]

[

ʒ ]

[

h ]

摩擦音

[

v ]

[

tʃ ]

[

dʒ ]

[

m ]

[

l ]

[

y ]

双辅音

鼻音

舌则音

半元音

4

第二部分：字母在单词中的发音

P2-1. 纯元音字母的常见发音：

字母 常见发音

Aa

Ee

Ii

Oo

[ei] [a:] [æ] [ɔ:]

[ɔ] [e] [eƏ] [Ə]

[i]

age fast

bag water quality

any area ago village

[i:]

[i]

[iƏ]

[Ə]

[e]

we basket hero open desk

[ai]

[i:]

[i]

[Ə]

bike

police pity giraffe

[Əu]

[ɔ]

[u]

[ʌ]

nose

box woman mother

备注：每个字母的第一种发音被称作字母音。

P2-2. 半元音半辅音字母的常见发音：

字母 发元音时 发辅音时 其它情况

[ju:]

不发音

use buy, guide, build

Uu

Yy

[u:] [u] [ʌ] [Ə]

[i] [w]

June

pull

duck upon busy quite

[ai]

[i]

why many

[j]

yes

P2-3.辅音字母的常见发音：

字母组合 发音 例词

Bb

[ b ]

不发音

bike, bye, best, Bob, black, blind, blood, …

climb, doubt

city, face, exercise, nice, rice, …

come, can, act, basic, cry, climb, courious, …

delicious, ancient,

[ s ]

Cc

[ k ]

[ ʃ ]

5

字母组合 发音 例词

do, dad, dear, dark, daughter, die, desk, …

five, finger, fight, five, four, wife, knife, first, …

give, get, forget, guy, fig, finger, frog, go, …

page, German, Germany, giraffe, George, …

foreign

half, hi, her, hellow, heavy, happy, high, hall, …

hour, honest

job, just, jet, jacket, juice, Japan, adject, …

key, work, fork, kitty, kiss, kite, king, kind, …

know, knee, knife

元音前：let, light, long, learn, low, lay, lie, lot, …

元音后：little, bottle, school, almost, apple, pencil, …

man, must, may, morning, my, most, room, …

night, now, no, net, noodle, nose, moon, wine, …

put, pink, purple, post, pain, pig, park, pear, …

receipt

river, read, right, rest, Mary, ring, really, row, …

set, sit, say, sight, sing, this, seat, sea, sorry, …

his, music, busy, business, noisy, exercise, …

sure, surely

top, tea, toy, time, tomorrow, let, what, hot, …

very, vest, river, fever, vote, avoid, vedio, …

water, we, worry, warm, swim, way, war, wet, …

write, sword, answer

exercise, excuse, fox, box, fix, mix, excite, …

exam, example, exactly, exist, exotic, …

zoo, zero, dozen, lazy, crazy, horizon, …

6

Dd

Ff

Gg

[

d

]

[

f

]

[

g

]

[

dʒ

]

不发音

Hh

Jj

Kk

Ll

Mm

Nn

Pp

Rr

Ss

Tt

Vv

Ww

Xx

Zz

[

h

]

▲不发音

[

dʒ

]

[

k

]

不发音

[

l

]

[

l

]

[

m

]

[

n

]

[

p

]

不发音

[

r

]

[

s

]

[

z

]

[ ʃ

]

[

t

]

[

v

]

[

w

]

不发音

[

ks

]

[

gz

]

[

z

]

L2-4. 元音字母组合：

元音字母与元音字母组合，或结合辅音字母后的组合，发成元音的，叫作元音字母组合。常见的元音字母组合有以下这些：

A组合

E组合

I组合

O组合

U组合

ai, aigh, air, al, all, ar, are, au, augh, aur, aw, ay, ang

ea, ear, ee, eer, ei, eigh, eir, er, ere, ew, eu, ey, eng

iar, ie, igh, ir, ire, iu, ing

oa, oar, oe, oi, ong, oo, oor, or, ou, ough, our, ore, ow, oy

ue, ui, ur, ure

L2-5. 元音字母组合的发音规则：

字母组合 发音 例词

daily, wait, brain, train, main, railway, afraid, …

certainly, captain, Britain, …

Straight, …

air, hair, stair, fair, pair, repair, chair, …

walk, talk, chalk, …

almost, also, always, although, already, salt, …

calm, half, palm, …

all, call, tall, fall, wall, ball, mall, small, …

shall, …

star, artist, farther, card, dark, party, sharpener

war, warm, towards, wharf, quarrel, …

dollar, sugar, solar, Edward, …

hare, care, dare, fare, spare, prepare, share, …

are

August, autumn, sausage, cause, because, author

aunt

ai

aigh

air

al

[ ei ]

[

Ə

]

[ ei ]

[

eƏ

]

[ ɔ: ]

[

ɔ:l

]

[ a: ]

[

ɔ:l

]

[æ,

Ə]

all

[ a: ]

ar

[ ɔ: ]

[

Ə

]

[

eƏ

]

[ a: ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ a: ]

are

au

7

augh

aur

aw

ay

ang

字母组合

[ a:f ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ ei ]

[æŋ]

发音

laugh, laughter

daughter, naughty, taught, caught, …

dinosaur

law, draw, saw, paw, awesome, …

stay, may, lay, bay, way, today, Thursday, say

bang, hang, dang, lang, …

例词

meat, beat, seat, weak, tea, easy, please, cheap

break, great, …

bread, ready, head, dead, weather, heavy, feather

really, idea, area, theatre …

reality

earn, early, learn, earth, heard, pearl, research, …

heart

ear, dear, hear, year, clear, near, spear, tear (n.)

wear, bear, pear, swear, tear (v.), …

meet, feet, green, three, week, jeep, sheep, …

deer, beer, cheer, engineer, pioneer, …

receive, ceiling, receipt, seize, …

either, neither

eight, weigh, weight, …

height

their

her, term, serve, certain, …

clerk

worker, waiter, farther, writer, ruler, player, sister

8

[ i: ]

[ ei ]

ea

[ e ]

[ iƏ ]

[ iæ ]

[

Ə: ]

ear

[ a: ]

[ iƏ ]

[

eƏ

]

ee

eer

ei

eigh

eir

er

[ i: ]

[ iƏ ]

[ i: ]

[ ai ]

[ ei ]

[ ai ]

[

eƏ

]

[

Ə: ]

[ a: ]

[

Ə

]

[ iƏ ]

here, merely, …

there, where, …

were

new, few, knew, …

blew, grew, …

sew

Europe

key, keyboard, …

they, hey, grey, Mey, drey, prey, …

monkey, money, whiskey, …

length

English

ere

[

eƏ

]

[

Ə: ]

[ ju: ]

ew

eu

ey

[ u: ]

[

Əu ]

[ ju: ]

[ i: ]

[ ei ]

[ i ]

[ eŋ ]

[ iŋg ]

发音

eng

字母组合 例词

familiar,

piece, field, believe, chief,

die, lie, pie, society, tie,

quiet,

friend,

barbie, cookie, worried, buried, married, studied

high, night, light, bright, right, might, tight, …

behaviour

curious, serious

bird, sir, birthday, girl, thirteen, thirsty, shirt, …

wire, fire, hire, …

stadium

sing, thing, spring, working, thinking, singer, …

iar

[ iƏ ]

[ i: ]

[ ai ]

ie

[

aiƏ

]

[ e ]

[ i ]

igh

iour

ious

ir

ire

iu

[ ai ]

[

iƏ

]

[

iƏs

]

[

Ə: ]

[

aiƏ

]

[

iƏ

]

[ iŋ ]

ing

9

字母组合 发音 例词

coat, road, boat, goal, Joan, coal, …

abroad

board, blackboard,

shoe, toe, doe, …

poem, poet, …

noise, noisy, point, coin, soil, toilet, …

long, song, strong, …

moon, tooth, cool, school, room, kangaroo, …

book, good, hood, look, foot, took, cookie, …

flood, blood

door, floor, poor, moor, …

corner, short, forty, horse, for, order, born, …

sorry

word, worker, worse, worth, worm, …

correct, actor, doctor, tractor, mayor, author, …

house, south, mouse, about, cloudy, mountain, …

soul, mould

soup, group, you

would, could, should

double, touch, young, country

famous, nervous

tourist, tourism

plough, bough

though

thought, fought

through

tough

cough

10

oa

oar

oe

oi

ong

oo

oor

[

Əu ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ ɔ: ]

[

Əu ]

[

Əui ]

[ ɔi ]

[ ɔŋ ]

[

u: ]

[

u ]

[

ʌ ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ ɔ ]

[

Ə: ]

[

Ə ]

[

au ]

[

Əu ]

[

u: ]

or

ou

[

u ]

[

ʌ ]

[

Ə ]

[

uƏ ]

[

au ]

[

Əu ]

[ ɔ: ]

[

u: ]

[

ʌf ]

[ ɔf ]

ough

[

uƏ ]

[

auƏ ]

tour

our, hour, flour, sour

four, pour, your, course

journey, journalist

hono(u)r, neighbo(u)r

before, store, more, fore, score

know, low, show, slow, yellow, tomorrow, row, …

cow, now, down, crowded, flower, power, shower

boy, toy, joy, enjoy, Roy,

our

[ ɔ: ]

[

Ə: ]

[

Ə ]

ore

ow

oy

字母组合

[ ɔ: ]

[

Əu ]

[

au ]

[ ɔi ]

发音 例词

blue, glue, true, issue,

Tuesday, value, argue,

suit, fruit, juice,

ruin, fluid, suicide

nurse, turn, burn, Thursday, murder, urgent, …

survive

sure, surely

pure, cure

figure

ue

ui

ur

[

u: ]

[ ju: ]

[

u: ]

[

ui ]

[

Ə: ]

[

Ə ]

[

uƏ ]

[ ju:Ə ]

[

Ə ]

ure

11

L2-6. 辅音字母组合：

辅音字母与辅音字母组合，或结合元音字母后的组合，发成辅音或单独一个音节的，叫作辅音字母组合。常见的辅音字母组合有以下这些：

字母 元音前字母组合

br~, bl~, bu~

ch~, cr~

dr~

fl~, fr~

gg~, gh~, gu~,

gl~, gr~

kn~

/

/

/

ph~, pl~, pr~

qu~

sc~, scr~, sch~, sh~

sk~, sl~, sm~, sn~,

sp~, spl~, spr~,

squ~, st~, str~,

su~, sw~

th~, thr~, tr~,

tw~, tt~

/

/

wh~, wr~

zz~

元音后字母组合

~ble, ~be

~ch, ~ct, ~ck, ~cle,

~cian~, ~cious, ~ce,

~ds, ~dle, ~ddle, ~dge, ~de

~ff, ~ft, ~ffe, ~fe

~gle, ~ge

~ke

~ld, ~lk, ~lm,

~lp, ~lt, ~le,

~lure, ~llion, ~lian

~mn, ~me

~nd, ~nk, ~nt, ~ne

~ph, ~pt, ~ple, ~pple, ~pe

~que

B组合

C组合

D组合

F组合

G组合

K组合

L组合

M组合

N组合

P组合

Q组合

S组合

~sh, ~sk, ~sp,

~st, ~ss, ~se

T组合

V组合

X组合

W组合

Z组合

~tch, ~th, ~ts, ~tt, ~tle,

~ttle, ~tion, ~ture, ~te

~ve

~xious

/

~ze

12

L2-6. 辅音字母组合的发音规则：

字母组合 发音 例词

blind, blow, black, blanket, blow, blouse, …

brief, bring, brought, bright, brave, brain, brother

buy, build, building, built, Buick, …

table, trouble, able, possible, double, noble, …

fibre

vibe, cube, tube, robe, …

China, cheap, charge, change, check, chocolate, …

each, teach, much, which, …

cry, crayon, create, crazy, crash, crime, crisis, …

strict, act, rect, actor,

brick, knock, black, hack, lock, rock, pocket, …

uncle, article, bicycle, circle, …

musician, technician, magician, …

delicious, precious

rice, mice, nice, twice, ice, …

drive, driver, drop, dress, draw, drink, dragon, …

words, cards, deeds, nods, woods, lands, hands, …

handle, candle, noodle, …

middle, paddle,

bridge, fridge, edge, knowledge, …

decide, ride, hide, code, pride, wide, made, …

fly, floor, flat, flag, flash, flew, flight, fluent, …

bl~

br~

bu~

~ble

~bre

~be

ch~

~ch

cr~

~ct~

~ck~

~cle

~cian

~cious

~ce

dr~

~ds

~dle

~ddle

~dge

~de

fl~

[

bl

]

[

br

]

[

b

]

[

b(Ə)l

]

[

bƏ

]

[

b

]

[

tʃ

]

[

tʃ

]

[

kr

]

[

kt

]

[

k

]

[

k(Ə)l

]

[

ʃƏn

]

[

ʃƏs

]

[

s

]

[

dr

]

[

dz

]

[

d(Ə)l

]

[

d(Ə)l

]

[

dʒ

]

[

d

]

[

fl

]

13

fr~

~ft

~ff~

~ffe

~fe

gg~

gh~

gu~

gl~

gr~

~gle

~ge

kn~

~ke

~ld

~lk

~lm

~lp

~lt

~lure

~lian

~llion

~le

[

fr

]

[

ft

]

[

f

]

[

f

]

[

f

]

[

dʒ

]

[

g

]

[

g

]

[

gu

]

[

gl

]

[

gr

]

[

g(Ə)l

]

[

dʒ

]

[

n

]

[

k

]

[

ld

]

[

lk

]

[

lm

]

[

lp

]

[

lt

]

[

ljƏ]

[

ljƏn]

[

ljƏn]

[

l

]

free, frog, from, front, fruit, France, frequency, …

shift, lift, left, loft, soft, craft, thrift, …

off, coffee, offer, office, official, afford, effect, …

giraffe

wife, life, knife, cafe, safe,

suggest,

ghost, Ghana

guest, guide, guy, guard, guess, guitar, …

language

glass, glue, glad, global, glow, …

green, grass, group, grammar, programme, …

angle, single, eagle, jungle, triangle, …

age, page, huge, orange, marriage, cabbage, …

know, knock, knowledge, knee, knife, knit, …

make, lake, wake, cake, like, Mike, strike, …

wild, sold, field, old, cold, mild, mold, held, …

silk, milk

film

help

salt

failure

Australian,

million, billion

smile, mile, tale, whale, whole, sole, rule, …

14

~mn

~me

~nd

~nk

~nt

~ne

~ph~

pl~

pr~

~pt

~ple

~pple

~pe

qu~

que~

sc~

sch~

scr~

sk~

~sk

~sh~

sl~

[

m

]

[

m

]

[

nd

]

[ŋk

]

[

nt

]

[

n

]

[

f

]

[

pl

]

[

pr

]

[

pt

]

[

t

]

[

p(Ə)l

]

[

p(Ə)l

]

[

p

]

[

kw

]

[

k

]

[

sg

]

[

s

]

[

sg

]

[

sgr

]

[

sg

]

[

sk

]

[

ʃ

]

[

sl

]

autumn

same, blame, lame, time, crime, …

and, sand, land, brand, tank

ink, link, pink, tank, trunk, think, drink, …

ant, pant, aunt, want, moment, movement, …

wine, line, mine, lane, combine, bone, alone, …

photo, phone, phase, elephant, graph, …

plane, please, plite, plenty, place, pleasure, …

pretty, present, pratice, proud, provide, price, …

kept, accept, adopt, swept, prompt, …

receipt

simple, purple, people, temple, example, sample, …

apple, nipple,

rope, pipe, tape, cape, Europe, …

quiet, quite, quick, liquid, request, quit, quality

unique

score, scarf, Scott, scale, scared, …

science, scientist, scissors, scene, …

school, schedule

screw, scream, scratch

skate, sky, skin, skirt,

risk, disk, desk

ship, shy, shoe, sheep, shall, shrimp, wish, fish

slow, slim, slide, sleep, slave, …

15

sm~

sn~

sp~

~sp

spl~

spr~

squ~

ss~

~st~

str~

su~

sw~

[

sm

]

[

sn

]

[

sb

]

[

sp

]

[

sbl

]

[

sbr

]

[

sgw

]

[

s

]

[

sd

]

[

sdr

]

[

sw

]

[

sw

]

[

s

]

[

s

]

[

z

]

[

θ

]

[

θr

]

[

tr

]

[

tw

]

[

tʃ

]

[

ts

]

[

t

]

[

t(Ə)l

]

[

t(Ə)l

]

smile, small, smart, smell, smoke, Smith, smooth

snake, snow, snack

speak, spot, spend, spider, speech,

grasp

splendid, split

spring, spread, spray

square, squid

business, carefulness, mess, mass, boss, miss, …

stay, stand, stood, stick, star, stone, still, state

strict, strike, strong, strange, street, structure, …

suite

sweep, swim, sweet, sweater

sword

base, case, use

lose, nose, pose, wise, fuse

thank, think, thought, method, tooth, mouth, …

three, through, throw, thread, …

tree, try, train, travel, treat, trip, trouble, trouser

two, twins, twelve, twenty, twice

match, catch, watch, fetch, switch, bitch, scratch

streets, beats, meets, hits, gets, …

letter, butterfly, cigarette, hotter, Scott, …

gentle, turtle

bottle, little, battle, settle, cattle, Seattle, …

~se

~th~

thr~

tr~

tw~

~tch

~ts

~tt~

~tle

~ttle

16

~tion

~ture

~te

~ve

[

ʃƏn

]

[

tʃƏn

]

[

tʃƏ

]

[ t

]

[ v

]

action, nation, motion, attention, translation, …

question, suggestion

lecture, picture, nature, temperature, culture, …

write, polite, vote, remote, state,

live, native, active, wave, cave, love, thieve, …

anxious

why, which, when, what, while, where, white, …

who, whom, whose, whole, …

write, written, wrote, wrong, wrap, wrist, …

buzzle

pizza

size

~xious

[

kʃƏs

]

wh

wr

zz

ze

[ w

]

[ h

]

[ r

]

[ z

]

[ ts

]

[ z

]

注意：

所有[ s ]读音后的清辅音要发成浊辅音，比如：

[ sp ] 要读成 [ sb ]

[ st ] 要读成 [ sd ]

[ sk ] 要读成 [ sg ]

[ str ] 要读成 [ sdr ]

17

第三部分：发音与字母对照表

P3-1. 元音与字母对照：

对应字母

读音

a e i o u

y

字母组合

ey, ie

ea, ie

ai, al, ar, er, or, ou, o(u)r, ur, ure

oo, ou

or

oo, ou

al

ea, ee, ey, ie

ear, er, ere, ir, or, our, ur

ew, oo, ou, ough, ue

al, ar, au, augh, aur, oa, oor, ough, our

ar, are, au, ear, er

ea, ear, eer, ere, iar, iour, iu

air, are, ear, eir, ere

ou, our, ure

ai, aigh, ay, ea, eigh, ey

ei, ie, igh

oi, oy

ew, oa, oe, ough, ow

ou, ough, ow

18

[ i ]

[ e ]

[

Ə ]

[ u ]

[ ɔ ]

[ ʌ ]

[ æ ]

[ i: ]

[

Ə: ]

[ u: ]

[ ɔ: ]

[ a: ]

[ iƏ ]

[ eƏ ]

[ uƏ ]

[ ei ]

[ ai ]

[ ɔi ]

[

Əu ]

[ au ]

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

e

e

e

e

e

i

i

i

i

o

o

o

o

u

u

u

u

u

y

y

P3-2. 组合音与字母对照：

读音

字母组合

[ ju: ]

[ ju:Ə ]

[ ui ]

[

Əui ]

[

ƏuƏ ]

[ auƏ ]

[

aiƏ

]

[ a:f ]

[

ʌf ]

[ ɔf ]

[ ɔl ]

[

ɔ:l

]

[

iƏs

]

[ iŋ ]

[æŋ]

[ eŋ ]

[ iŋg ]

[ ɔŋ ]

u, ew, eu, ue

ure

ui

oe

our

our

ie, ire

augh

ough

ough

al

al, all

ious

ing

ang

eng

ing

ong

19

P3-3. 辅音与字母对照：

读音

字母组合

读音

字母组合

b, bu~, ~be,

d, ~de,

g, gh~

v, ~ve,

s, z，~se, zz

g, j, ~dge, gg~, ~ge,

~ds,

dr~,

m, kn~, ~ne,

~le,

r, wr~,

w, wh~,

x

[ p ]

[ t ]

[ k ]

[ f ]

[ s ]

[ θ ]

[ ʃ ]

[ h ]

[ tʃ ]

[ ts ]

[ tr ]

[ m ]

[ ŋ ]

[ l~ ]

[ y ]

[ ks ]

p, ~pe,

t, ~pt, tt~, ~te,

c, k, ck, ~ke, ~que,

f, ff, ~ffe, ~fe, ~gh, ph,

c, s, ~ce, sc~, ss, sw~,

~se

th,

c, s, sh,

h, wh~,

ch, ~tch,

~ts, zz,

tr~,

m, ~mn, ~me,

l,

x

[ b ]

[ d ]

[ g ]

[ v ]

[ z ]

[ ð ]

[ ʒ ]

[ dʒ ]

[ dz ]

[ dr ]

[ n ]

[

~l ]

[ r ]

[ w ]

gz

P3-4. 部分特殊组合音与字母对照：

读音

字母组合

读音

字母组合

cian, tion

tion

ture, ~cher

cious

ure

lian, llion

[

b(Ə)l

]

[

k(Ə)l

]

[

d(Ə)l

]

[

g(Ə)l

]

[

p(Ə)l

]

ble

cle

dle, ddle

gle

ple, pple

tle, ttle

[

ʃƏn

]

[

tʃƏn

]

[

tʃƏ

]

[

ʃƏs

]

[

ljƏ]

[

ljƏn] [

t(Ə)l

]

20