电力英语翻译

2024年2月7日发(作者：)

arc-suppressing灭弧的

be in phase with与„同相位

bare conductor裸导线

break up断开

Bundle 一捆

bulk-power大功率容量

base-loading基本负荷

breaking down击穿

core磁心

clearance间隙

creepage漏电

conductivity导电率

circuit breaker断路器

cycle周期

clear清除、排除

Corona 电晕，放电

current电流

current transformer电流互感器

daily load-demand curve日负荷曲线

dielectric strength介电强度

deterioration老化、变坏

distribution of the

electricity配电

disconnect switch隔离开关

dispatcher调度员

energize带电

Film 薄层，膜

feed给„馈电

flashover飞弧、闪络

field current励磁电流

generation of the

electricity发电

Guyed 牵线式的

high voltage line高压线路

hydroelectric power

plant水电厂

installed generating

capacity装机容量

infinite bus无限长母线

intermittent间歇的

inherently固有地

in series with串联

instrument transformer互感器

interference干扰、妨碍

Insulator string 绝缘子串

low head低位差

lightning雷电

Lightning shielding 避雷

insulator绝缘子

loop system环网系统

momentary rating瞬时额定值

moving contact动触头

moment of inertia惯性矩

Neutral 中性线

network system网络系统

nominal voltage标称电压

off-peak非峰期

overhead line架空线路

photovoltaic effect光电效应

pollution free无污染的

parallel connection并联

potential transformer电压互感器

phase angle相角

peak-load峰荷

per unit system标幺制

potential电势、潜在的

quantitatively数量上

restoration恢复

rate估算、定额

rms均方根，有效值

remote control遥控

removal of fault事故处理

ratio变比

radial system辐射状系统

resort求助、诉请

Right-of-way 道路用地

Shunt displacement

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current 旁路位移电流

Stranded 绞合的（线）

Sag 下垂

Series compensation 串联补偿

Shunt compensation 并联补偿

spring弹簧

symmetrical对称的

stationary contact静触头

stand-by supply备用电源

scheme方案

switchboard配电盘,开关屏

swing摆动、摇荡

shave削、修整

supporting structure支撑结构

serve loads为负载供电

synchronism同步

synchronous speed同步转速

short circuit短路

transformer变压器

tide潮汐

trough谷

three-phase三相电

tank变压油箱

transmission line输电线

transformation of the

electricity变电

temporary暂时的

transmission of the

electricity输电

trip circuit跳闸电路

transient瞬变过程

turn一匝线圈

transient stability瞬态稳定度

utilization equipment用电设备

undervoltage电压不足的

void空隙、空洞

vacuum真空

winding绕组

Zero sequence current 零序电流

第一单元

第一部分

2、The prime mover may be a steam-driven turbine, a hydraulic turbine or water wheel,

or an internal combustion engine. Each one of these prime movers has the ability

to convert energy in the form of heat, falling water, or fuel into rotation of a

shaft, which in turn will drive the generator.

原动机可以是汽轮机、水轮机、水车或内燃机。无论是哪一种原动机，都是将蒸汽的热能、落水的势能或燃料燃烧发出的能量转变成传动轴的转动，从而驱动发电机。

3、The control system functions to keep the speed of the machines substantially

constant and the voltage within prescribed limits, even through the load may change.

控制系统的作用是，在负载有可能变化的情况下仍能保持机器的大体稳定并将电压控制在规定的范围内。

4、To meet these load conditions, it is necessary for fuel input to change, for the

prime mover input to vary, and for the torque on the shaft from the prime mover to

the generator to change in order that the generator may be kept at constant speed.

为了适应负荷的变化，有必要改变燃料的投入量和原动机的输入以及从原动机到发电机的传动轴的力矩，以便使发电机保持匀速运转。

5、In a modern station, the control system is a servomechanism that senses a generator

output conditions and automatically makes the necessary changes in energy input and

field current to hold the electrical output within certain specifications.

在一个现代化的发电厂，控制系统实际上是一个能表明输出情况，自动对能量输入及磁场电流进行必要调节，以便使电力输出满足技术指标的伺服机构。

第二部分

1、For the same power, the higher-voltage line carries less current, has lower losses

for the same wire size, and provides more stable voltage.

电压越高则电流越小，对相同线径的导线来说损耗也越小，电压则越稳定。

2、Additional system load may require more power than the generator can supply.

发电机有可能无法满足系统的新增负荷。

3. The above system may be vastly improved by the introduction of circuit breakers,

which may be opened and closed as needed.

使用可根据需要开断的断路器能大大改进上述系统的运行。

4. If possible, outages of equipment are scheduled at times when load requirement

are below normal.

可能的话，应当在用户的需求低于正常状况的时候，安装设备停电。

第三部分

1. The generators, lines, and other equipment which form an electric system are

arranged depending on the manner in which load grows in the area and may be rearranged

from time to time.

一个由发电机、线路以及其他设备构成的电力系统，其布局取决于当地的负荷增长方式，并有随时调整的可能。

2. In each of these systems, a single generator serves four loads.

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每一个系统均由一台发电机向四个用户供电。

3. In some instances during normal operation, the loop may be open at some point,

such as A. In case a line section is to be taken out, the loop is first closed at

A and then the line section removed. In this manner no service interruptions occur.

有时在正常运行状况下，环网可能会在某处被断开，比如在A处。倘若有一段线路需要切除，则首先在A处闭环，然后切除那段线路，这种方式不会使任何负载发生断电。

第四部分

Circuit breakers are necessary to deenergize equipment either for normal operation

or on the occurrence of short circuits. Circuit breakers must be designed to carry

normal-load currents continuously, to withstand the extremaly high currents that

occur during faults, and to separate contacts and clear a circuit in the presence

of fault. Circuit breakers are rated in terms of these duties.

无论在系统正常运行或发生短路时都需要使用断路器来断电。在设计时，应使断路器不仅能连续通过正常负荷电流，又能经受故障旗舰产生的高强电流，而且能在故障时分段线路。因此断路器的额定参数应由上述条件而定。

2. These changes are most noticeable in the immediate vicinity of fault. On-line

analog computers, make a determination of which breaker should be opened to clear

the fault, and energize the trip circuits of those appropriate breakers. With modern

equipment, the relay and breaker opening cause removal of fault within three or four

cycles after its initiation.

这些变化会在最靠近故障的地方被察觉。在线模拟计算机（通常称作继电器）监测这些条件的变化，判断应断开哪只断路器以清除故障，并使那些应该跳闸的断路器的跳闸线圈带电。采用现代化的设备，在继电器动作并且断路器跳闸起动后三四个周期之内即可清除故障。

3. The primary of a potential transformer is connected directly to the high-voltage

equipment. The secondary provides for the instruments and relays a voltage which

is a constant fraction of voltage on the operating equipment and is in phase with

it. Similarly, a current transformer is connected with its primary in the

high-voltage circuit. The secondary winding provides a current which is a known

fraction of the power-equipment current and is in phase with it.

电压互感器的原边是直接联在高压设备上的，其副边给仪表与继电器提供的电压时与运行设备的高电压同相位、且与高压成固定比例的较低电压。同样，电流互感器的原边联接于高压线路上，次边线圈提供与该设备的实际电流成已知比例，且同相位的较小电流。

第二单元

第一部分

1. Each year new designs of power equipment bring about increased reliability of

operation.

每年新设计的电力设备都使系统的可靠性不断提高。

2. If the faulted equipment is not promptly disconnected from the remainder of the

system, damage may result to other pieces of operating equipment.

如果故障设备不立即从系统中切除的话，则会造成其他运行设备的损坏。

3. A fault is the unintentional or intentional connecting together of two or more

conductors which ordinarily operate with a difference of potential between them.

故障时由于有意或无意地使两个或更多的导体相接触而造成的。

4. These short-circuit currents will usually be much greater than the designed

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thermal ability of the conductors in the lines or machines feeding the fault.

这些短路电流通常会大大超出导线以及供电发电机的热承受能力。

5. It is apparent that the power system designer must anticipate points at which

faults may occur, be able to calculate conditions that exist during a fault, and

provide equipment properly adjusted to open the switches necessary to disconnect

the faulted equipment from the remainder of the system.

显然，系统设计者必须事先考虑到故障可能发生在什么地方，能够推测出故障期间的各种情况，提供调节好的设备，以便驱动为将故障设备切除所必须断开的开关能够跳闸。

第二部分

1. An overload implies only that loads greater than the designed values have been

imposed on system.

过负荷仅指施加于系统的负荷超过了设计值。

2. Such an overload, if permitted to continues, would cause heating of the wires

from the power center and might eventually start a fire.

诸如此类的过负荷倘若不能迅速处理的话，就会造成电力线发热甚至酿成火灾。

3. The continuous monitoring of distribution circuits is necessary to be certain

that transformer sizes are increased as load grows.

有必要不时地监视配电线路以确保在负荷增加时变压器的容量也相应增加。

第三部分

1、These are sometimes accidentally brought together by action of wind, sleet, trees,

airplanes, or damage to supporting structure.

有时由于风、雨夹雪、树木、飞机或支撑物的损坏等因素会使导线偶然碰到一起。

2、Over voltages due to lightning or switching may cause flashover of supporting

or from conductors to conductor.

由雷电或开关瞬变过程引起的过电压可能会在支撑物和导体之间产生电弧。

Contamination on insulators sometimes results in flashover even during normal

voltage conditions.

即使在电压正常的情况下，绝缘材料的污染也会引起电弧。

3. Any small void present in the body of the insulating material will result in

ionization of the gas contained therein, the products of which react unfavorably

with the insulation.

绝缘材料内的空隙会造成气体的电离，其生成物对绝缘不利。

4. Transformer failures may be the result of insulation deterioration combined with

over voltage due to lightning or switching transients.

变压器故障可能是由绝缘老化、雷电、开关瞬变过程导致的过电压造成的。

5. Major insulation may fail, permitting arcs to be established between primary and

secondary windings or between a winding and grounded metal parts such as the core

or tank.

绝缘失败会在一次绕组与二次绕组之间或绕组与接地金属部件（如铁芯或变压器外壳）之间产生电弧。

6. Breakdown between different windings lying in the same slot results in

short-circuiting extensive sections of machine.

同一槽内不同绕组之间的绝缘损坏会导致电机大范围短路。

第四部分

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1. Because of this characteristic of faults on lines, many companies operate

following a procedure known as high-speed reclosing.

鉴于线路故障的这些特征，许多公司都使用一种叫做高速重合器的装置。

2. If the faulted equipment is not promptly disconnected from the remainder of the

system, damage may result to other pieces of operating equipment.

如果不及时从系统的其余部分断开故障设备，其他运行设备可能会受到危害。

In many instances service is restored in a fraction of a second.

许多情况下服务能在几分之一秒内恢复。

3. Of course, if structure damage has occurred and the fault persists, it is necessary

for the breakers to reopen and lock open.

当然，如果因结构损坏，故障不能很快排除的话，则断路器必须再次跳闸且保持这种跳闸状态。

第三单元

第一部分

1. Because of the high moments of inertia of turbine-generator sets, the key

requirement of slowly varying phase can be justified.

由于发电机组的惯性距极高，使得这种方法中要求相位缓慢变化的关键条件能够得到满足。

2. Sixty-hertz line currents also flow through this ionized path, maintaining the

ionization even after the lightning stroke energy has been dissipated.

60Hz的线路电流同样也会流经这条电离通道，甚至在雷电冲击能量耗散尽之后，电离状态依然会存在。

3. The key question of transient stability is this: After a transient period, will

the system “lock” back into a steady-state condition, maintaining synchronism?

瞬态稳定的关键在于：系统在经过瞬变之后是否能重新回到稳态条件下并保持同步？

4. The insights one gets by using this method extend in a qualitative way to more

general cases.

用这一方法所获得的原理可推广用于定量地分析一般的实例。

第二部分

1. For simplicity, we ignore any transformers or assume that they have been

“absorbed” into the generator or line models.

为简便起见，将所有的变压器忽略不计，假设它们被吸收进了发电机或线路模型中。

第四部分

1. The range of values is small considering the enormous variation in J for different

machines.

就不同设备来说，J值不太相同，而H值得变化范围则较小。

第五单元

第三部分

We note a highly desirable feature of hydropower plants: the speed with which they

may be started up, brought up to speed, connected to the power network, and loaded

up.

我们注意到水电厂具有以下理想的特征：水轮机发电机组从起动、加速到并入电网加负荷的速度。

This hydropower is well suited for turning on and off at a dispatcher's command

to meet changing power needs.

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水电厂适合于在调度员的指令下开机或关机，以满足电力需要的变化。

3. We note that when water is in short supply, it is desirable to use the limited

available potential energy sparingly, for periods of short duration, to meet the

peak-load demands.

我们知道，在缺水时，人们希望能通过节约地使用这些有限的势能以满足负荷高峰的需求。

When water is plentiful with the excess flowing over the spillway of the dam,

base-load use is indicated.

在河川丰水期、水流超过大坝溢洪道时，则可用以满足基本负荷的需求。

It is not practical to shut down the largest and most efficient thermal units at

night, so they are kept "on-line" supplying relatively small (light) loads, when

operating in this mode the pumping power may be supplied at low incremental costs.

显然夜间停止最大且效率最高的火力发电机组是不实际的，通常由它们来负担较小的一部分负荷（如电灯）。

5. On the other hand, at the time of peak demand the pumped storage scheme provides

power that would otherwise have to be supplied by less efficient (older) plants.

从另一方面来说，在负荷高峰时，抽水的蓄能提供了本来只能由一些低效的老电厂提供的电力。

From the point of view of the thermal part of the system, the pumped storage

scheme shaves the peaks and fills the troughs of the daily load-demand curve.

从系统中火电部分的观点来看，这种抽水蓄能的发电方式削减了日负荷曲线之峰，填补了日负荷曲线之谷。

第四部分

It is estimated that the hydroelectric contribution to the total energy supply will

shrink to about 2% by the year 2000.

估计到2000年，水力发电在总发电量中的比例会缩小到2%。

Ther are a few sites around the world where it proves economical to convert the

potential e

nergy caused by tide levels into electrical form.

目前，世界上仅有几处被证明经济实用的潮汐能转变为电能的发电厂。

3. Because wind is inherently intermittent, such systems must include energy storage

devices, such as batteries, or supply loads that are tolerant of unpredictable source

interruptions.

由于风固有的间歇性的限制，这种系统要么必须有蓄能装置，例如蓄电池，否则只能为允许突然停电的负荷供电。

第七单元

第一部分

1. Circuit-interrupting devices in power systems are of many forms, ranging from

the small key switches to the enormous circuit breakers that control the flow of

power in high-voltage networks.

短路设备在电力系统中有许多形式，通过小电键开关（在落地灯和引出线中）操作巨大的断路器以控制电能在高压网络中的通道。

2. Three basic types of circuit-interrupting devices are recognized.

短路设备一般有三种基本类型。

1) A switch is a device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an

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electric circuit. This definition implies that the switch is used in a system in

its normal operating condition.

开关是用来闭合、断开或者改变电路连接方式的设备。这个定义意味着开关是用于系统的正常运行操作的。

2) A circuit breaker is a device for interrupting a circuit between separable

contacts under normal or abnormal conditions.

断路器是在正常或异常条件下断开电路可分离触点的设备

The abnormal conditions during which a circuit breaker may be asked to operate are

primarily those which exist during short circuits.

在异常情况下断路器要求能够动作在短路的时候。

3) A fuse is an overcurrent protective device with a circuit-opening fusible member

directly heated and destroyed by a passage of overcurrent through it.

熔断器是过电流保护装置，它具有一个易熔的元件可由于过电流而受热熔化烧断，从而断开电路。

Fuses are used in many applications on distribution primary circuits and to a limited

extent on bulkpower high-voltage equipment.

熔断器被用在配电网的许多一次线路中，在少数情况下，也用于大功率容量的高压设备。

3. In breakers for operation in low-voltage ac circuits, advantages is taken of the

voltage required to establish a cathode spot.

用于低压交流回路的断路器，由于在过零换向后电压不能满足再次阴极放电起弧的需要，因此具有容易灭弧的有点。

第二部分

1. The longer arc is readily cooled by convection air currents and by radiation,

and the longer positive column requires a higher voltage.

电弧越长越容易被空气对流和热辐射冷却，也要求越高的电压维持。

第三部分

1. An insulating chamber filled with oil surrounds the closed contacts.

一个充满油的绝缘室包围了闭合的触点。

the moving contact is lowered, the arc is drawn out through the throat of

insulating chamber.

当动触点下降时，通过绝缘室的喉咙产生电弧。

3. The portion of the arc within the chamber generates gas which forces oil out

through the throat, where it is in intimate contact with the arc to cool it, encourage

recombination, and physically carry away the free electrons and positive ions.

在喉咙室内的电弧产生气体，并迫使油通过喉空，从而使电弧紧密接触并使之冷却，有助于恢复，并移去自由电子和正离子。

4. The inertia of the heavy operating mechanisms limits the rate at which breaker

contacts may part, with a consequent time delay in the opening of the arc.

笨重的执行机构的惯性限制了断路器触点分断的速度，从而造成电弧熄灭具有一定的延时。

第四部分

The purpose of the arc quenching device of AC breakers is to deionize the breaker

immediately after current aero.

交流断路器的灭弧装置的目的是在电流过零点后去除离子，立即切段线路

2. For all conventional arc quenching methods this means that the arc has to be cooled

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even before the contact pieces have reached the minimum quenching distance and before

the next current zero, a fact which automatically increases the arc energy.

对于所有一般的灭弧方法，这意味着电弧不得不在触点元件到达最短熄灭距离之前和电流再次为零之前被冷却。

3. The arc drawn in the vacuum breaker, on the other hand, is not cooled since the

metal vapour plasma is highly conductive and the resulting arc voltage only attains

values between 20V and 200V.

这个现象将会自动增加电弧的能量。另一方面，真空断路器拉开的电弧不会被冷却。因为金属蒸汽等离子体是高导电的而且产生的电弧电压仅为20V--200V.

4. For this reason and because of the short arcing times, the arc energy developed

in the breaker is very small. This also accounts for the long services life of vacuum

breakers.

由于这个原因并且由于起弧时间短。在分断时，产生的电弧能量是非常小的。这使得真空断路器的使用寿命会很长。

第五部分

At a given voltage each insulation class requires minimum clearance and creepage

paths.

在给定电压下，每个绝缘层都要求最小的间距和最短的漏电路径。

2. The minimum clearance path is the minimum distance that must be provided between

conducting surface which differ in voltage.

It is primarily dependent on the dielectric strength of the insulating material.

最小的间距就是指在具有不通电压的导电面之间所必须提供的最小距离。它主要取决于绝缘材料的介电强度。

3. Creepage denotes the undesirable flow of current between conductors, along the

insulation surface.

The minimum creepage paths are thus dependent on the environmental

contamination.

漏电是指导体间沿绝缘表面的不希望的电流流动。因此，最短的漏电路径取决于环境的污染状况。

Besides clearance and creepage restrictions, the insulation classes impose diverse

temperature limitations which must be respected at all times by the circuit breaker

during its operations.

除了间距和漏电限制外，绝缘层还有不同的温度限制，在断路器运行的过程中要始终考虑这个温度限制。

The rated short-circuit current of a breaker is the highest symmetrical current that

it is capable of interrupting when used in a system carrying rated maximum voltage.

断路器的额定电流为最高平衡电流。在这个电流下，当其在系统中使用并承受最高电压时能够断开回路。

6. Under no circumstance does the current-interrupting capability exceed K times

rated short-circuit current no matter how low the system voltage is.

无论在什么条件下，不管系统电压有多低，电流开断能力都不会超过K乘以额定短路电流。

第一部分

第九章

1）In order of importance, they are the series voltages induced by the magnetic

8

fields surrounding the conductors, the shunt displacement currents resulting from

the electric fields between conductors, and the ohmic resistance of the conductor

material. The fourth, and minor effect is the leakage conductions current that flows

through contamination films on the insulators.

按主要性依次为：导体周围磁场引起的串联电压；导体之间电场产生的旁路位移电流；导体材料本身的欧姆电阻。第四个也是较次要的影响为：在污染了的绝缘体表层流过的漏电流。

2）They primarily exist to provide lightning shielding for the phase conductors and

also to carry zero sequence and harmonic currents that help to maintain balanced

sinusoidal voltages.

中性线主要为各相导线提供避雷保护，也用来输送零序电流和谐波电流以便帮助保持三相正弦电压平衡。

3）The phase conductors are much larger (diameter about 5 cm), and are typically

stranded aluminum surrounding a stranded steel cable (for increased tensile

strength).

相线较粗（直径约为5cm），一般为钢包铝绞线（为了增加抗拉张强度）。

第二部分

2. For a certain power level and line length, a specific voltage class will prove

to be economically optimum. The greater the required capacity or line length, the

higher the optimum voltage class. For very great lengths DC transmission is

preferred.

对于某个功率等级和线路长度可证明选用某个特殊的电压等级是最经济的。需要的线路的容量和长度越大，最佳的电压级别就越高。特别长距离输送，采用直流传输线会更好。

2. Suppose the voltage and power ratings have been chosen for a proposed line of

known length. What further decisions remain?

The number, size, and spacing of conductors per-phase bundle must be selected.

The decisive criteria here are corona and line impedance effects, the phase to

phase spacing must be chosen.

假设我们为一条已知长度的线路选好了电压和功率，那么还有什么要考虑的？

选择每捆导线中的导体数量、尺寸和间距。

决定的依据是电晕和线路阻抗的影响，选择各相之间的间距。

3. The number, location, and conductor type for overhead neutrals must be chosen,

lightning shielding being the major consideration.

The level of insulation must be selected, deciding how many suspension discs

are to be used in a string.

选择架空中性线导体的根数、位置和型号，防雷是首要考虑因素；

选择绝缘的水平；选择在一条线上有多少个悬挂的圆盘。

4. When the weight of the line is essentially fixed, we direct our attention to the

tower design.

Local weather conditions must be considered. Specially, the worst icing and wind

within reason must be estimated because these factors also relate to the tower load.

当传输线路的重量基本确定后，再看看塔架设计。

必须考虑当地气候，特别是估计到最严重的冰冻和合乎情理的大风，因为这些因素也关系到塔的负荷。

4. Tower width relates to available right-of-way, and the decision to use guyed or

9

free standing towers must be made.

塔的宽度涉及到可用道路占用，而且应决定采用牵线式的还是免支撑的塔架。

6. Overhead minimum clearances for railroads, highways, structures, vegetation, and

the earth must be established.

These dimensions fix tower height along with tower spacing and permissible

conductor sag.

距铁路，高速公路，建筑和地面等的最小间距必须满足要求。这些因素决定塔架高度还有塔架间距和可允许的导体下垂度。

第三部分

1. The line impedance elements can have an effect on the voltage at all points along

the line, the effect varying with line loading.

Serious overvoltages can occur at light loads and unacceptable low voltages can

occur at heavy loads.

传输线的阻抗可在任何一处对传输线电压产生影响，这种影响随着传输线的负载而变化。轻负荷引起严重的过电压，重负荷引起让人不可接受的低电压。

1）This effect can severely limit the acceptable operating range of practical long

lines and justifies the cost of installing additional equipment to correct the

situation.

传输线阻抗对电压产生的影响大大限制了长距离传输线的工作范围，也表明为了改变着这种状况需要投资安装一些额外的设备。

3. We observe that the problem in the loaded cases is essentially caused by the

series inductance.

The insertion of series capacitance would have a cancellation effect and relieve

the difficulty to some degree.

Such a modification is referred to as “series compensation”.

我们观察到，在有载时，上述问题主要是由串联感抗引起的。插入串联电容会产生一个抵消作用，并把困难减轻到一定程度。这样的补偿措施被称为“串联补偿”。

4. The overvoltage condition is caused by the line shunt capacitance and this may

at least partially be eliminated by the installation of shunt reactors

(inductances).

This is referred to as “shunt compensation”.

过电压的情况是由传输线的分布并联电容引起的，通过采用并联电抗器可将这种过电压抑制到一定程度，这被称为“并联补偿”。

第十五单元

第一部分

The MOSCAD Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) provides a data collection unit with the

intelligence required to operate in sophisticated SCADA system. With MOSCAD, local

processes can be thoroughly supervised; control decision, utilizing data from both

local and remote sources, can be made; informational message to supervisory centrals

or to other remote units can occur.

MOSCAD远动终端(RTU)提供了一个具有智能的能够在复杂的数据采集与监控系统中运行的数据采集单元。在MOSCAD的支持下，当地的运行情况可被充分地监视，MOSCAD还具有利用本地和远方的数据以及具有控制决策等功能；它还可以向监控中心或其他远方终端提供信息。

10

The Motorola Communication Processor for TCP/IP (MCPT/T) gateway provides a

convenient connection for SCADA Hosts using TCP/IP protocol to access the MOSCAD

RTUs in a client/server architecture. The gateway connects the 10Mbps Ethernet to

the MDLC world of radio and wireline communications.

用作网关的摩托罗拉通信处理器为SCADA主机提供了便捷的联接，使其能够利用TCP/IP协议与MOSCAD中的RTU以用户/服务器方式联接。

The Toolbox, connected locally to the gateway, provides access to any RTU in the

system, performing all programming and diagnostic functions.

和网关先练并处于同一位置的工具箱可与系统中的任何RTU相联，并具有编程和诊断的功能。

第二部分

Standard/non-intelligent RTUs do not have the capability to be programmed to

specific applications and to operate successfully in a system with hundreds or

thousands of RTUs. These, so called dumb RTUs, are used in relatively small size

systems to monitor status and to receive control from a central computer.

非智能的RTU没法通过编程被应用于特殊领域，而且也不能有效地工作在需要大量RTU的场合。这些可以被称为笨的RTU,它们只能工作在规模较小的系统中，用于监视运行状态并接受来自控制中心的计算机的指令。

2. It is a microprocessor based unit and is designed to interface with any existing

or new industry standard field device, including all types of reclosers and

sectionalizing switches (SF6, vacuum, oil switches, and others).

它以微处理器为基础，设计上可与任何现有的或新型的工业标准的现场设备接口，其中包括任何类型的重合器和分断开关（SF6开关、真空开关、和油开关等）

3. The ability to measure the power quality is achieved with the MOSCAD Power Analyzer

Module.

The Power Analyzer Module is a plug-in unit, specially designed for advanced

DAS applications.

Its purpose is to perform direct measurements of potential and current

transformers, without requiring transducers.

This feature saves the customer money since he does not need to purchase

transdusers.

It also provides for more accuracy that typically occurs in the conversion

performed by the transducer.

测量电能质量的功能是由MOSCAD的电能分析模块实现的。电能分析模块是一种插入式单元，它是为高级配电网自动化系统而专门设计的，其目的在于不需要变送器而直接从PT和CT上测量电气量。由于不需要购买变送器，使得用户节省了费用。而且这种方式可提供的测量精度也比通常采用变送器方式时高。

第三部分

1. The RTUs may be scanned every two to three seconds for status and for certain

analog data with the remaining data scanned at one of more slower scan cycles to

reduce load on the data acquisition subsystem in the central center, alternatively

data may be transmitted spontaneously by each RTU following the recognition of an

event such as a status change of the crossing of an event-delta by an analog value.

11

RTU对于状态量和某些模拟量的扫描周期为2--3s，其余数据的扫描会慢一个或几个周期，这是为了降低控制中心的数据采集子系统的负荷；经查有异常时，如状态改变或模拟量变化越死区时，RTU立刻自动发送变化数据。

2. The cost of RTUs will represent a major portion of the capital cost of a new

control center.

对于一个新建的控制中心来说，工程主要建设费用为RTU费用。

第四部分

1. Control centers may be broadly categorized according to the functions

implemented.

控制中心可大致根据其功能分类。

2. At the first level is the category with basic SCADA systems comprising data

acquisition, remote control of operating devices and some alarm and limit

indications.

第一个层次的控制中心仅具有基本SCADA功能（包括数据采集、远方控制操作设备以及一些报警和极限指示）。

3. At the next stage, basic SCADA systems are found augmented by an economic

dispatch system (EDS) and automatic generation control (AGC).

高一个层次的类别还增添了经济调度计算（EDS）和自动发电控制（AGC）功能。

4. At the highest level are the control centers with full security assessment to

allow analysis and enhancement of the security of the power system.

The functions normally implemented in this case are state estimation, on-line

loadflow, contingency evaluation, reactive power optimization and possibly optimum

power flow.

最高层次的控制中心具备完备的安全估计功能，它能分析和增强电力系统的安全可靠性，这种控制中心的功能一般有：状态估计、在线负荷计算，潜在事故估计、无功功率优化和最优潮流分布计算，还具有能量管理系统（EMS）的功能，能够进行能量统计、负荷切换计算分析和负荷切换时间表制定等。

第十六单元

第一部分

Distribution Automation System (DAS) is a system newly developed to provide

remote control and supervising sectionalizers on a high-voltage distribution line

for switching load current of the line either automatically or manually, thus

providing automatic isolation of a faulty line section that enables the recovery

of stable power supply to customers remaining on the line.

配电网自动化系统(DAS)是一种最近发展起来的技术，他能遥控并监视高压配电线上的分断开关，以便自动或人工投切线路上的负荷电流，从而自动隔离故障区段，使得用户能够从线路上重新获得稳定的电能。

-2 DAS is the most suitable stage for revealing to the customers the real

advantages of the automation system.

第二代配电自动化系统最能向用户显示自动化带来的优越性。

第二部分

ore,DAS can maintain a balance in loading by route changing without power

interruption should feeder or bank overloading occur.

由于DAS具有监视馈线和变压器电流的功能，因此当过电流发生时，DAS可以通过不停电改12

变供电途径的方式维持配网负荷平衡。

2. DAS enables reductions of the number of service crew because the fault section

can be isolated by remote-control facilities installed in a central station.

Therefore, DAS provides a significant improvement in personnel expense.

DAS能在控制中心进行远方控制来隔离故障区段，这样可以减少配电网运行维护人员，从而大大节约了开销。

第三部分

ring of substation bank and feeder regarding their current, voltage and

relay operation.

对检测变电所变压器组和馈线的电流、电压和机电保护动作情况，对变压器组和馈线进行监视。

tic fault detection, isolation, and restoration in case of substation and

feeder fault. The most suitable procedure for restoration is calculated by the CPU,

and restoration is performed automatically.

能进行自动故障探测和故障区段隔离，并在变电站或馈线故障时自动恢复。最合适的回复步骤是由CPU计算出来，恢复过程是自动进行的。

As to overload and maintenance work, the procedure of changing the distribution

network by considering the load balance is effected automatically and performed.

当出现过负荷和需要进行维修时，能够综合考虑负荷平衡情况下，西东拟定配电网运行方式的改变并按其实施。

文献一

1. This paper describes an undergraduate or graduate level student project that

involves the design of an energy-efficient standalone distributed generation system

integrating existing fossil fuel based energy sources with renewable energy sources

and smart grid technologies for off-grid communities.

这篇文章描述了一个本科或研究生水平的学生项目，涉及一个整合以现有的化石燃料为基础的能源与可再生能源和为离网社区供电的智能电网技术的节能的独立式分布发电系统的设计。

2. The design requires consideration of all possible energy sources and energy

conversion alternatives in the development of a standalone distributed generation

system, and depends on the power requirements and location, as well as environmental,

economic, and cultural concerns.

设计要求考虑在独立式分布发电系统的发展中所有可能的能源和能量转换的替代品，取决于功率需求和位置，包括环境、经济和文化的因素。

3. Most of the remote Alaskan communities have no access to the electric utility

system and rely on diesel electric generators (DEGs) for electric power. These

systems are typically uneconomical due to the shipping costs of fuel and require

routine maintenance due to operating conditions.

多数偏远的阿拉斯加社区没有接入电网，并依靠柴油发电机（DEGs）的电力。由于燃料的运输成本，这些系统通常不合算，并且要求可以根据运行条件进行日常维护。

4. In rural Alaska, the average cost of producing electricity is still extremely

high (averaging $0.40/kWh) mainly due to high cost of the transportation of fuel

for diesel electric generators (DEGs). Further compounding the problem is the

environmental impact of leaking fuel tanks which are contaminating soils, air

13

emissions from DEGs, and noise pollution.

在阿拉斯加的农村地区，电力生产的平均成本仍然很高（平均 0.40 元/千瓦时），主要是由于柴油发电机燃料的运输成本高。进一步加剧的问题是油箱泄露对土壤的污染、柴油发电机排放的废气和噪音污染。

5. The criteria for the design include:

设计的准则包括：

(1) finding the most economical solution in terms of life cycle costs,

在生命周期成本方面寻找最经济的解决方案

(2) making the best use of existing and donated equipment,

最大地利用好现有的和捐赠的设备

(3) optimizing the system performance for the load profile,

优化系统性能的负荷曲线

(4) lowering the operating and maintenance cost

降低运行和维修成本

(5) assessing the impacts of the design on the environment and the community.

评估设计对环境和社区的影响。

1. After a site survey has been established five configurations are examined using

the existing load profile and an economic analysis is performed using the original

system for comparison.

现场调查后成立了五个配置检查使用现有的负荷曲线，并使用原始的系统进行比较来执行经济分析。

2. When two or more different sources of electric power are connected to a common

grid and operate hand in hand to supply the desired load, the system becomes a

distributed power generation system or hybrid system. A simple block diagram of a

hybrid power system is shown in Fig. 1.

当两个或多个不同的电力来源都连接到一个共同的栅格和操作手提供所需的负载时，该系统将成为一个分布式的发电系统或混合动力系统。混合动力系统的简单块图如图 1 所示。

3. The sources of electric power in this system consist of a DEG, a battery bank,

a WTG, and a PV array. The output of the diesel generator is regulated AC voltage,

which supplies the load directly through the main distribution transformer. The

connection of the battery bank, the WTG, and the PV array are through a DC bus. The

control unit regulates the flow of power to and/or from the sources, depending on

the load. The load in the hybrid power system can be an AC load, a DC load, a heating

load (resistive load bank), or a hybrid load.

在此系统中的电力来源包括柴油发电机、电池组、风力发电机组和光伏电池阵列。柴油发电机组的输出是规定的交流电压，直接通过主配电变压器给负载提供电能。电池组、 风力发电机组与光伏电池阵列的连接是通过直流母线。控制单元调节电源和能源，取决于负载的流量。混合动力系统的负载可以是一种交流负载、直流负载、供热负荷(电阻负载银行)或混合负载。

4. Generation efficiencies are 3 to 5 kW-hrs/gallon and the operation and maintenance

costs for the DEGs are high because the 35 kW generator is delivering power well

below its efficient operating range. DEGs are usually sized to the maximum peak load.

Fluctuating demand requires that sufficient spinning reserve be supplied to avoid

system imbalances.

14

发电机的效率是3到5千瓦时每加仑，由于35千瓦发电机提供电力远低于其高效率的工作范围，所以柴油发电机的运行和维护成本很高。柴油发电机的大小取决于最大峰值负载。波动需求要求提供足够的旋转备用避免系统失衡。

1. Battery storage acts as a reversible demand-side management system which stores

energy and shifts excess peak load to off-peak hours. PV arrays and DEGs often produce

energy when it is not needed, or in the case of DEGs, excess energy is available

at very little marginal cost under certain operating conditions.

电池存储作为储存能量和转移过剩的高峰负荷用电高峰时间可逆需求侧管理系统。光伏阵列和 DEGs 常常产生能量时不需要它，或 DEGs，案件中多余的能量在很小的边际成本，在某些操作条件下可用。

2. The battery bank stores electricity when it is in excess or cheaper to produce,

saving it for periods when it is unavailable or more costly.

电池银行存储电力处于过剩或制造时保存它以供时不可用或成本更高。

3. The load data has been estimated in a conservative manner, taking into

consideration all available data. Several days of one-minute data have been

collected and are available to investigate system sizing. Future load projections

are uncertain since the current average daily load of 12 kW is not expected to

increase in the next few years. This leaves an open door for analysis of possible

contingencies in the future load profile for Lime Village.

据估计以保守的方式，考虑到所有可用的数据加载数据。几天的一分钟数据已收集和调查系统的规模。未来的负荷预测都不确定自 12 当前的每日的平均负载千瓦不预计将在未来的几年中增加。石灰村的未来负载配置文件中，这使打开的门可能的突发性事件的分析。

4. Fluctuating demand requires sufficient spinning reserve to be supplied by the

DEGs. Spinning reserve is essential to prevent system collapse in the event of a

sudden increase in load, and is met by keeping excess DEG capacity on line. The

battery energy storage system allows the most efficient operation of the DEGs close

to rated power by balancing the load fluctuations through charging and discharging.

波动的需求要求，由柴油发电机提供足够旋转备用。满足了线上保持二甘醇的产能过剩和旋转备用至关重要，防止系统崩溃，突然增加的负载，事件中。电池能量存储系统允许通过平衡通过充电和放电负荷波动的 DEGs 接近额定功率最高效的操作。

5. It is expected that there will be periods of low, or manageable load, when the

DEGs can be shut-off entirely. Peaking strategies can be implemented which avoid

starts and stops of the next largest generator set, save fuel, and extend generator

life. The supervisory controller adds to this performance by monitoring the load

and implementing a strategy based on parameters learned over time.

预计将有低的或可管理的负载，这时柴油发电机可以是完全关闭。可以实施调峰策略，避免启动和停止的下一个最大的发电机设置，节省燃料，以及延长发电机的使用寿命。通过监视负载和实施战略基于参数学会了随着时间的推移，监督控制器添加此性能。

文献二

paper describes a hybrid approach to synthesizing solutions for

diagnosis and set covering problems from the area of power system

operations. The approach combines expert systems written in a rulebased

language (OPS5) with algorithmic programs written in C and Lisp.

本文描述了一个混合方法来为电力系统中的诊断和集合问题合成解决办法。这个方法结合了15

用C和Lisp专家系统rulebased语言（OPS5）编写的算法程序。

minute-by-minute operations of a power network are controlled by a

hierarchical system whose top level consists of human operators working

from computer consoles in an energy management center, and whose

lower levels are predominantly automatic.

电力网络的分时操作是被一个首层由能量管理中心的操作人员通过电脑控制台控制而底层主要是自动化管理的分层系统所控制的。

s in the power network occur continually and information on them

is telemetered to the energy management center. Highlights and

summmaries of this information are presented to the operators in the form

of alarms. Typical alarms report the operation of breakers, the removal

from service of pieces of equipment, or the excursion of key variables into

danger zones.

电力网络中的变化是不间断发生的，他们所承载的信息通过遥信发送给能量管理中心。信息的重点和概述都被以警报的形式呈现给了调度员。典型的警报报告断路器的动作，设备的移除，或者重要参数偏移到危险范围。

highlight some of the issues in diagnosis, consider the simple example

in Fig. 1. Many hypotheses could explain its single alarm. Three of them are:

1) The alarm reporting that B1 has opened is false.

2)L1 has a permanent fault; Bl opened correctly to isolate the

fault; B2 opened correctly to isolate the fault; the alarm

reporting the opening of 82 was lost.

3)L1 has a permanent fault; B1 opened correctly to isolate the

fault; 82 failed to open; B3 opened in its role as a backup to

B2; the alarm reporting the opening of B3 was lost.

为了着重一些诊断的问题，考虑图1中的例子，很多假设可以解释它单一的警报。他们三个是：

2）警报报告说B1出已经打开是错误信息。

3）L1已经永久性故障；B1正确打开来隔离故障；B2正确打开来隔离故障；警报报告中的B2的打开信息丢失。

4）L1已经永久性故障；B1正确动作来隔离故障；B2动作失败；B3作为B2的后备动作，警报报告中的B3的动作信息丢失。

general, the events from which hypotheses are constructed can be

divided into three types:

Disturbances, such as faults.

Correct reactions of the system to the disturbances, such as

breaker openings to isolate faults.

Errors or incorrect system reactions, including device

misoperations, wrongly issued alarms and missing alarms

due to telemetering failures.

一般来说，通过事件构成的假设可以被分为三种类型：

4）扰动，比如故障

5）系统对于扰动的正确反应，比如断路器动作隔离故障线路

6）错误或不正确的系统反应，包括装置误动作，错误的发出警报和丢失的警报。

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can limit the number of feasible hypotheses by limiting the number of

disturbances and errors each may contain to some credible value. One

can also reduce the number of hypotheses by extending the amount of

information considered.

我们可以通过限制可能包含的可信价值的扰动和错误的数量来限制可行的假设数量。我们也可以通过拓展考虑的信息的数量来降低假设的数量。

7. A typical energy management system can report alarms

sustained at rates of 300 per minute and burst rates of 600 per minute.

一个典型的能量管理系统可以报告的警报维持在300个每分钟的速率和高峰时期的600个每分钟的速率。

addition there is the real time database of the system that contains

thousands of measurements and often. a rolling buffer with recent

historical information of even finer granularity. The more data that one

takes into account, the better the diagnosis and the greater the effort

required to obtain it. In the real-time world of operations this means that a

tradeoff has to be made between the amount of data that is considered

and the amount of time allowed to arrive at a diagnosis.

另外，有一种同步的系统信息数据库可以包含成千上万的测量信息，而且经常会为了更好的测量建个尺寸而设置的有拥有近期信息历史的滚动缓冲区。信息考虑的越多，诊断结果就越好，但获得这些信息所需的力气就越大。在实时世界中的运行意味着必须在 纳入考虑的信息总量和完成诊断所允许的时间总量 之中来形成一个折中。

文献三

1、This paper proposes methodologies to estimate the electric energy and power

consumption by light-duty plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).

这篇文章提出了估计轻型电动车的电能和功率损耗的方法。

2、2PEVs—either plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) or pure electric

vehicles(EVs)—adopt similar drivetrain configurations as hybrid electric vehicles

(HEVs) [2], but are characterized by larger battery capacity and the capability of

being recharged from the electric grid.

这两种电动车，无论是插入式混合电动车还是纯电动车，都采取与混合电动车相似的传动系统配置，但是有更大的电池容量和从电网充电的特点。

3、In most of these, all PEVs in a fleet are assigned the same all-electric range

(AER)1 and the corresponding amount of usable energy in their batteries. The daily

electric energy consumption is then estimated assuming that the charging frequency

is once per day. Power consumption is typically estimated based on the results of

the energy calculations.

这些里面的大部分，所有的电动车都配置了相同的全电动范围，和相应数额的可使用电能。每天的电能消耗估计为一天一充。功率损耗的估计是基于电能消耗的计算结果。

4、First, some PEVs will be incapable of being always driven in all-electric mode,

but rather they will be operated in blended mode, requiring occasional support from

their internal combustion engine [11]. Second, the electric energy consumption is

often estimated without considering vehicle travel patterns.

首先，一些电动车并不是全电动模式驱动的，而是运行在混合模式，要求它们的内燃机偶尔17

支持。第二，电能消耗的估计往往不考虑车辆行驶模式。

5、Third, when estimating power consumption, some studies use models that represent

situations unlikely to occur. In [3], offpeak electricity is consumed by the entire

PEV fleet, whereas in reality, some vehicles may be traveling, and some will be unable

to receive any more energy from the grid because their batteries will be fully

charged.

第三，估计功耗时，一些研究使用的模式表明的情况实际不太可能发生。非高峰电力负荷被电动车消耗，而在现实中，有些车辆可能在行驶中，有些可能不能从电网中接受更多的电能因为它们的电池已经完全充电。

6、Herein, a more accurate methodology to estimate the electric energy and power

consumption of light-duty PEVs is set forth. The analysis is based on the actual

U.S. travel patterns, as captured by the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS).

The formulation is probabilistic and makes use of the NHTS statistical data to

represent the travel patterns of the U.S. Light duty vehicle (LDV) fleet.2

在此，一个更准确估计电动车的电能和功率损耗的方法被设定。分析基于实际的美国旅行模式，根据2009年全国家用旅行调查（NHTS）。方案是概率的，方案利用 NHTS 的统计数据来代表美国轻税车辆 (LDV) fleet.2 的交通模式。

7、Therefore, the operation of PEVs can be classified into the charge-depleting (CD)

mode and the charge-sustaining (CS) mode [11]. In CD mode, the vehicle is gradually

depleting the energy stored in the batteries, with either a fraction of or the entire

tractive energy coming from the battery pack. The total distance that a PEV can travel

in CD mode with its batteries initially fully charged is defined as its

“charge-depleting range” (CDR). After all the usable battery energy is exhausted,

the operation of the PEV enters CS mode, where it is operated similarly to a

conventional HEV, with all tractive energy derived from the fuel.

因此，电动车的运行模式可分为电量消耗模式和电量保持模式。在电量消耗模式下，车辆逐渐消耗储存在电池里的电能，其中一小部分或全部的牵引电能来自电池组。一辆电动车在电池完全充电时在电量消耗模式下能行驶的距离称为“电量消耗范围”。在所有可用电池电量用尽后，电动车的运行进入电量保持模式，类似于传统的混合动力汽车，所有的牵引能量来自燃料。

8、Several of the previous studies treat CD operation the same as all-electric (i.e.,

EV) operation. In those, the designation “PHEV” simply represents a PHEV that,

starting with a fully charged battery, can travel miles in EV mode without consuming

any fuel in the tank. In order to encompass all possible operating strategies, this

analysis is performed based on the more comprehensive concepts of CD operation and

CDR.

以前的几个研究一律视CD模式为全电动（EV）模式。在那些研究里，所谓的“混合动力汽车”简单地代表了以完全充电电池起动的，能行驶在EV模式下而不消耗燃料的混合动力汽车。为了涵盖所有可能的运行策略，这种分析是基于CD和CDR的更全面的概念。

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