2018年11月17日雅思阅读考情回顾

2024年2月7日发(作者：)

雅思考试机经

2018年11月17日雅思阅读考情回顾

一、考试时间：2018年11月17日（周六）

二、考试概述：

第一篇 Bamboo, A wonder plant，竹子。剑十第三套第二篇Autumn leaves和剑五第四套第三篇The effects of light on plant and animal species均为植物话题文章，可作为参考。第二篇 Orienteering，定向越野。可参考剑五第四套第一篇How much higher？How much

Faster？和剑六第一套第一篇Australia’s sporting success。第三篇 Appearance and

characters，外貌与性格。心理类文章可参考剑十第一套第三篇The psychology of

innovation以及剑八第一套第三篇Telepathy。

三、文章简介

第一篇 Bamboo, A wonder plant，竹子

第二篇 Orienteering，定向越野

第三篇 Appearance and characters，外貌与性格

四、篇章分析：

Passage 1

文章内容 第一段：讲bamboo对生态中其他生物的重要性

第二段：现阶段我们对于bamboo的品种了解状况的限制，以及现在对bamboo的研究到了怎样的程度

第三段：bamboo在森林中所起的作用

第四段：bamboo的各种经济价值

第五段：讲bamboo受灭绝威胁主要是因为栖息地的破坏而非其他物种入侵

第六段：提议重视bamboo，概述了一下bamboo的重要性

题型分布与答案参考

段落信息匹配题7，人名观点匹配4，简答题2

参考答案：

段落信息匹配

1. E an assessment of current limited extent of existing research about

bamboo

2. D a comparison between bamboo and more fragile plants

3. B details of the commercial application of bamboo

雅思考试机经

4. A a human development that is threatening the availability of

bamboo

5. D a description of human activity that damaged large areas of

bamboo

6. C examples of the approaches used to study bamboo

7. B an explanation of how bamboo may help the survival of a range

of plants

8-11待补充

简答题

12.问bamboo对生态的什么control起到很重要作用。soil erosion

13.问现在bamboo一个increasing trend是被用来做什么。paper

（答案仅供参考）

相关拓展 Bamboo, a wonder plant

The wonder plant with an uncertain future: more than a billion people

rely on bamboo for either their shelter or income, while many

endangered species depend on it for their survival. Despite its apparent

abundance, a new report says that species of bamboo may be under

serious threat.

A Every year, during the rainy season, the mountain gorillas of Central

Africa migrate to the foothills and lower slopes of the Virunga Mountains

to graze on bamboo. For the 650 0r so that remain in the wild, it’s a vital

food source. Although there are at almost 150 types of plant, as well as

various insects and other invertebrates, bamboo accounts for up t0 90

percent of their diet at this time of year. Without it, says Ian Redmond,

chairman of the Ape Alliance, their chances of survival would be reduced

significantly. Gorillas aren’t the only locals keen on bamboo. For the

people who live close to the Virungas, it’s a valuable and versatile raw

material used for building houses and making household items such as

mats and baskets. But in the past 100 years or so, resources have come

under increasing pressure as populations have exploded and large areas

of bamboo forest have been cleared to make way for farms and

commercial plantations.

雅思考试机经

B Sadly, this isn’t an isolated story. All over the world, the ranges of

many bamboo species appear to be shrinking, endangering the people

and animals that depend upon them. But despite bamboo’s importance,

we know surprisingly little about it. A recent report published by the UN

Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Inter-national Network for

Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) has revealed just how profound is our

ignorance of global bamboo resources, particularly in relation to

conservation. There are almost l,600 recognized species of bamboo, but

the report concentrated on the l,200 or so woody varieties distinguished

by the strong stems, or culms, that most people associate with this

versatile plant. Of these, only 38 ‘priority species’ identified for their

commercial value have been the subject of any real scientific research,

and this has focused mostly on matters relating to their viability as a

commodity. This problem isn’t confined to bamboo. Compared to the

work carried out on animals, the science of assessing the conservation

status of plants is still in its infancy. “People have only started looking

hard at this during the past 10-15 years, and only now are they getting a

handle on how to go about it systematically,” says Dr. Valerie Kapos, one

of the report’s authors and a senior adviser in forest ecology and

conservation to the UNEP.

C Bamboo is a type of grass. It comes in a wide variety of forms,

ranging in height from 30 centimetres to more than 40 metres. It is also

the world’s fastest-growing woody plant; some species can grow more

than a metre in a day. Bamboo’s ecological rote extends beyond

providing food and habitat for animals. Bamboo tends to grow in stands

made up of groups of individual plants that grow from root systems

known as rhizomes. Its extensive rhizome systems, which tie in the top

layers of the soil, are crucial in preventing soil erosion. And there is

growing evidence that bamboo plays an important part in determining

forest structure and dynamics.

“Bamboo’s pattern of mass flowering and mass death leaves behind large

雅思考试机经

areas of dry biomass that attract wildfire,” says Kapos. “When these burn,

they create patches of open ground within the forest far bigger than

would be left by a fallen tree.” Patchiness helps to preserve diversity

because certain plant species do better during the early stages of

regeneration when there are gaps in the canopy.

D However, bamboo’s most immediate significance lies in its economic

value. Modern processing techniques mean that it can be used in a variety

of ways, for example, as flooring and laminates. One of the fastest

growing bamboo products is paper-25 percent of paper produced in India

is made from bamboo fiber, and in Brazil, 100,000 hectares of bamboo are

grown for its production. Of course, bamboo’s main function has always

been in domestic applications, and as a locally traded commodity it’s

worth about $4.5billion annually. Because of its versatility, flexibility and

strength (its tensile strength compares to that of some steel), it has

traditionally been used in construction. Today, more than one billion

people worldwide live in bamboo houses. Bamboo is often the only

readily available raw material for people in many developing countries,

says Chris Stapleton, a research associate at the Royal Botanic Gardens.

“Bamboo can be harvested from forest areas or grown quickly elsewhere,

and then converted simply without expensive machinery or facilities,” he

says. “In this way, it contributes substantially to poverty alleviation and

wealth creation.”

E Given bamboo’s value in economic and ecological terms, the picture

painted by the UNEP report is all the more worrying. But keen

horticulturists will spot an apparent contradiction here. Those who’ve

followed the recent vogue for cultivating exotic species in their gardens

will point out that if it isn’t kept in check, bamboo can cause real

problems. “In a lot of places, the people who live with bamboo don’t

perceive it as being endangered in any way,” says Kapos. “In fact, a lot of

bamboo species are actually very invasive if they’ve been introduced.”

So why are so many species endangered? There are two separate issues

here, says Ray Townsend, vice president of the British Bamboo Society

雅思考试机经

and arboretum manager at the Royal Botanic Gardens. “Some plants are

threatened because they can’t survive in the habitat-they aren’t strong

enough or there aren’t enough of them, perhaps. But bamboo can take

care of itself-it is strong enough to survive if left alone. What is under

threat is its habitat.” It is the physical disturbance that is the threat to

bamboo, says Kapos. “When forest goes, it is converted into something

else: there isn’t anywhere for forest plants such as bamboo to grow if you

create a cattle pasture.”

F Around the world, bamboo species are routinely protected as part of

forest eco-systems in national parks and reserves, but there is next to

nothing that protects bamboo in the wild for its own sake. However,

some small steps are being taken to address this situation. The

UNEP-INBAR report will help conservationists to establish effective

measures aimed at protecting valuable wild bamboo species. Towns end,

too, sees the UNEP report as an important step forward in promoting the

cause of bamboo conservation. “Until now, bamboo has been perceived

as a second-class plant. When you talk about places such as the Amazon,

everyone always thinks about the hardwoods. Of course these are

significant, but there is a tendency to overlook the plants they are

associated with, which are often bamboo species. In many ways, it is the

most important plant known to man. I can’t think of another plant that is

used so much and is so commercially important in so many countries.”

He believes that the most important first step is to get scientists into the

field. “We need to go out there, look at these plants and see how they

survive and then use that information to conserve them for the future.”

Passage 2：

文章内容 第一段：简单介绍一下定向越野的现状和背景的交代

第二段：定向越野的起源

第三段：定向越野的分类（foot、bike、ski、trail）

第四段：定向越野为什么不能正式作为奥运会体育项目

第五段：定向越野的管理组织架构，包括总部、分部等

第六段： 总结概括了之前提到的内容，虽然定向越野不能正式成为奥运项目，

雅思考试机经

但依旧很受欢迎

题型分布与答案参考

判断题5，配对题 4，填空题4

参考答案

14-18 待补充

填空题

19. military

20. card

21. flag

22. Olympics

23-26 待补充

(答案仅供参考)

相关拓展 Orienteering

Orienteering is a sport that combines both a physical and a mental

element. The basic idea in orienteering is to proceed from course start to

finish by visiting a number of control points in a predetermined order with

the help of map and compass. In order to choose the best possible route,

orienteers look at the characteristics of the terrain, and the winner is

determined by the fastest time to complete the course. What is unique to

orienteering is that an orienteer must navigate and make quick decisions

while running at high speed.

Orienteering is a low-cost sport suitable for both genders and all ages. In

order to find out about the orienteering possibilities in your country,

please contact your national federation.

The sport of orienteering was first practised in the military but nowadays

it features a variety of different formats ranging from the more traditional

long distance forest races to the more recently developed city sprints. With

the use of electronic punching and GPS tracking, orienteering has become

a sport visible to the audiences with real time broadcasting on TV and the

internet. To see what orienteering looks like, please watch the videos

雅思考试机经

The International Orienteering Federation has four official

disciplines: foot, mountain bike, ski and trail orienteering. The first foot

and ski orienteering competitions are known to have been held as early as

the 1890s. Mountain bike and trail orienteering are rather more recent

formats that evolved during the last decades.

The International Orienteering Federation was recognised by the

International Olympic Committee in 1977. The yearly international

championships events include World Orienteering Championships, Junior

World Orienteering Championships and World Masters Championships.

The IOF organises an annual World Cup. The international event calendar

also comprises more than 100 World Ranking Events. Regional

Championships take place in five out of six IOF Regions: Europe, Asia,

North America, South America and Oceania.

Orienteering is also part of multisport games such as The World Games

and the World Masters Games. FISU organises World University

Orienteering Championships and World University Ski Orienteering

Championships every second year. CISM organises yearly World Military

Orienteering Championships, and ski orienteering is part of the CISM

Winter Military World Games.

Passage 3：

文章内容

第一段：讲了达尔文因为外貌差点被船长拒绝登船然后又同意这么一个故事作为背景切入。

中间段：讲了几个不同的科学家对人的外貌与性格的relationship的不同方向的研究。

结尾段：对前文的研究总结后，提出通过外貌断定人的性格等有时并不准确。

题型分布与答案参考

相关拓展

判断题5，匹配题5，单选题4

参考答案待补充

Appearance and Character

THE history of science could have been so different. When Charles

Darwin applied to be the “energetic young man” that Robert Fitzroy, the

Beagle’s captain, sought as his gentleman companion, he was almost let

雅思考试机经

down by a woeful shortcoming that was as plain as the nose on his face.

Fitzroy believed in physiognomy – the idea that you can tell a person’s

character from their appearance. As Darwin’s daughter Henrietta later

recalled, Fitzroy had “made up his mind that no man with such a nose

could have energy”. Fortunately, the rest of Darwin’s visage compensated

for his sluggardly proboscis: “His brow saved him.”

The idea that a person’s character can be glimpsed in their face dates back

to the ancient Greeks. It was most famously popularised in the late 18th

century by the Swiss poet Johann Lavater, whose ideas became a talking

point in intellectual circles. In Darwin’s day, they were more or less taken

as given. It was only after the subject became associated with phrenology,

which fell into disrepute in the late 19th century, that physiognomy was

written off as pseudoscience.

Now the field is undergoing something of a revival. Researchers around

the world are re-evaluating what we see in a face, investigating whether it

can give us a glimpse of someone’s personality or even help to shape their

destiny. What is emerging is a “new physiognomy” which is more subtle

but no less fascinating than its old incarnation.

First impressions are highly influential, despite the well-worn admonition

not to judge a book by its cover. Within a tenth of a second of seeing an

unfamiliar face we have already made a judgement about its owner’s

character – caring, trustworthy, aggressive, extrovert, competent and so

on. Once that snap judgement has formed, it is surprisingly hard to

budge. What’s more, different people come to strikingly similar

conclusions about a particular face – as shown in our own experiment.

People also act on these snap judgements. Politicians with

competent-looking faces have a greater chance of being elected, and CEOs

who look dominant are more likely to run a profitable company.

Baby-faced men and those with compassionate-looking faces tend to be

over-represented in the caring professions. Soldiers deemed to look

雅思考试机经

dominant tend to rise faster through the ranks, while their baby-faced

comrades tend to be weeded out early. When baby-faced men appear in

court they are more likely than their mature-faced peers to be exonerated

from a crime. However, they are also more likely to be found guilty of

negligence.

There is also a well-established “attractiveness halo”. People seen as

good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be

more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, sexually responsive,

intelligent and healthy. They do better in all manner of ways, from how

they are greeted by other people to how they are treated by the criminal

justice system.

Is there any substance to such snap judgements? Are dominant-looking

people really more dominant? Are baby-faced people naive? Are we

electing the most competent leaders, or simply people who look the part?

As psychologist Alexander Todorov of Princeton University points out,

the fact that different people come to remarkably similar conclusions

about a particular face is very different from saying there is a

correspondence between a face and something real in an individual’s

personality.

There is, however, some tantalising evidence that our faces can betray

something about our character. In 1966, psychologists at the University of

Michigan asked 84 undergraduates who had never met before to rate each

other on five personality traits, based entirely on appearance, as they sat

for 15 minutes in silence. For three traits – extroversion, conscientiousness

and openness – the observers’ rapid judgements matched real personality

scores significantly more often than chance.

More recently, researchers have re-examined the link between appearance

and personality, notably Anthony Little of the University of Stirling and

David Perrett of the University of St Andrews, both in the UK. They

pointed out that the Michigan studies were not tightly controlled for

雅思考试机经

confounding factors: the participants could have been swayed by posture,

movement, clothing and so on. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the

experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a

link between facial appearance and personality – though only for

extroversion and conscientiousness.

While these experiments suggest that our snap judgements of faces really

do contain a kernel of truth about the personality of their owner, Little

stresses that the link is far from clear-cut. He and Perrett only found a

correlation at the extremes of personality, and other studies looking for

links with different aspects of personality have failed to find any

association at all. The owner of an “honest” face, for example, is no more

likely to be trustworthy than anyone else.

What is also not fully understood is why we make facial judgements so

readily. Is there an evolutionary advantage to judging books by their

covers? Little suggests that because these judgements are so rapid and

consistent – and because they can indeed reveal aspects of personality – it

is likely that evolution has honed us to pick up on the signals.

Support for this, and the kernel of truth idea, has come from a study of 90

ice-hockey players published late last year by Justin Carré and Cheryl

McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada. They found that a

wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually

large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a

statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player

was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from

behind and fighting.