2024年2月8日发(作者:)
Lesson 56 Faster Than Sound
★ Warm up
1. 非谓语动词作状语
2. 比较级的用法
3. “许多”的英语表达
★ Listening
1. How often is a race held for old cars?
2. Which was the most unusual car entering for the race?
The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, It was the oldest car taking part.
3. How fast did the winning car go? Forty miles an hour.
4. What did the writer say about the old car race in comparison with modern car races?
He said it was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.
★ Vocabulary
● sound [saʊnd] n. (可数) 声音
【记忆】大英帝国无bound(边界)英联国家abound(大量存在)流通货币是pound(英镑)
【近义】voice n. 声音、嗓音; vocality n. 声乐、声音
【拓展】soundly adv. 香甜地、完好地、健全地
【辨析】noise, sound, voice
noise 通常指不悦耳的、令人烦恼的嘈杂声,隐含贬义。
sound 普通用词,含义笼统,指人们能听到的各种声音,无褒贬色彩。
voice 指人说话或唱歌时发出的声音。
❶ n. 声音、声响
A: The sound is so familiar. 这声音太熟悉了。
B: Yes, I'm sure you know the man. 是的,我肯定你认识这个人。
❷ v. 听起来,系动词,后跟形容词作表语
That sounds great! 这听起来很不错哦!
❸ adj. 完好的、健全的、可靠的、确实的
He is in a sound sleep. 他睡得很香。
● excitement [ikˈsaitmənt] n. 激动,兴奋
【记忆】excitement = excite [v.使兴奋,刺激= ex出+cite[v.引用;引证]→引出情绪]+ment(表名词)→ 兴奋
【拓展】excite v. 使兴奋,刺激
excitant adj. 刺激性的,使兴奋的; n. 兴奋剂,刺激物;
excited adj. (感到) 兴奋的、激动的、活跃的
exciting adj. 令人激动的、使人兴奋的
【例句】to one’s excitement 令某人激动的是
The most exciting thing 最令人激动的是
It excited me that ... 让我激动的是...
● handsome [ˈhændsəm] adj. 漂亮的,美观的
【近义】pretty adj. 漂亮的;beautiful adj. 漂亮的; nice adj. 好看的;lovely adj. 可爱的;
good-looking adj. 好看的
【辨析】 beautiful, fair, handsome, lovely, pretty, fine 均含"美丽的,漂亮的"之意。
beautiful 普通用词,语气最强,指优美和谐,是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩,很少用于描写男子。
fair 正式用词,多用于文学中,形容女子和儿童,侧重外表的美。
handsome 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人,指其五官端正,体态秀丽。
lovely 普通用词,描写人时,主要指女人和小孩的相貌,语气不如beautiful强。
pretty 普通用词,语气比beautiful弱,多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑,精美可爱之物。
fine 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时,强调形式或内容的优美。
【搭】a handsome guy 一个英俊的人
A: Look at the picture. This is my father. 看看这张照片,这是我爸爸。
B: What a handsome gentleman your father is! 你爸爸真是一位潇洒的绅士!
● Rolls-Royce [ˌrəulz-ˈrɔis] 劳斯莱斯
Benz [benz] n. 奔驰
【用法】如何问车牌?
A: What make is your car?
B: It’s Benz
● wheel [wiːl] n. 轮子
【记忆】鲜果轻轻peel (削皮);爱情悄悄feel (感觉);切莫屈膝kneel (跪);以免折断heel (鞋跟);
男人多吃eel (鳗鱼);轻易举起wheel (车轮);健壮若如steel (钢);赶紧去买reel (胶卷、卷轴)
【搭】on wheels 顺利,顺畅
【例句】A: Do you carry a spare wheel in your car? 你的汽车上有备用车轮吗?
B: I'm afraid not. 恐怕没有。
● explosion [ikˈspləuʒən] n. (可数) 爆炸,轰响
【记忆】explosion = explode (ex出+plod大声音+e→出来大声音→爆炸) + sion (名词后缀) → n. 爆炸
【近义】bomb n. 炸弹、核武器; v. 轰炸
【拓展】explode v. 使爆炸、(感情)爆发、激增、推翻(理论)、突发巨响
explosive adj.(易)爆炸的、爆发(性)的、突增的、暴躁的; n. 炸药、爆炸物;
explosively adv. 爆发地,引起爆炸地
【例句】A: The echo of the explosion damped itself in the air. 爆炸的回声在空中渐渐消散。
B: What on earth happened? 到底发生了什么事情?
● course [kɔːs] n. 跑道,行程
【记忆】course = c (可) + our (我们的) + se (色) →可我们的跑道是绿色的。
❶ n. 跑道、行程
on the course 按照轨道运行
off course 偏离轨道
of course 当然
The ship is on course.
❷ n. 课程,比如语文、数学......
This term, I take seven courses.
session 是指一段时间,可以是一节课,也可不是。
lesson 是一节课,更准确的说,是一节课的内容。
❸ n. 一道菜
We had three courses:soup, meat and vegetables, and fruit. 我们有三道菜:汤、肉和蔬菜,还有水果。
● rival [ˈraivəl] n. (可数) 对手; adj. 势均力敌的
【记忆】rival = riv (river) + al (n.后缀)→楚河汉界划分竞争对手→ 对手
【拓展】rivalry ['raɪvlri] n. 竞争;对抗;竞赛
rivalrous ['raɪvlrəs] adj. 敌对性的;有竞争性的
【近义】opponent 对手 opposite adj. 相对的、对立的、相反的
match 对手 adversary 敌手,对手
competitor n. 竞争者、对手 enemy n. 敌人
【例句】A: Who is your rival? 谁是你的对手?
B: The man in white shorts is. 那个穿白色短裤的就是。
● speed [spiːd] (sped [sped], sped) v. 疾驰; n. 速度
【记忆】地下播种seed (种子) ,种出却是weed (杂草)
只能当作feed (饲料) ,生存无法proceed (继续)
冒险去采seaweed (海带),脚却被刺伤bleed (流血)
拼命加快speed (速度),回来销售succeed (成功)
见财心生greed (贪婪)
【拓展】speedy adj. 快的,迅速的
【近义】gallop v. & n. 飞驰; spin v. 疾驰
【搭配】speed up 加快速度 ↔ slow down 慢下来、减速
at the speed of ... 以.......的速度
【例句】A: Why do you stop me, sir? 先生,你为什么让我停下来?
B: You were speeding. 你超速驾驶了。
● downhill [ˌdaunˈhil] adv. 下坡
【记忆】downhill = down (向下) + hill (山) → 下山、下坡
【近义】downslope n. 下坡
【反义】upgrade adv. 上坡
【拓展】come upstairs 上楼 ;go downstairs 下楼
come uphill 上坡;go downhill 下坡
downtown n. 市中心的商业区
【例句】A: Be careful while going downhill. 下坡的时候小心点。
B : Take it easy. I know what I'm doing. 放心,我知道自己在做什么。
★ Language points
▲ How far did the winning car go?
❶ how + be /do/does + 主语...?询问......怎么样?
① 问身体健康等情况;
How are your parents?你父母身体好吗?
问天气状况;
How is the weather today?今天天气怎么样?
询问方式;
How does your mother go to work every day?你妈妈每天怎么去上班?
询问程度;
How do you like this book?你觉得这本书怎么样?
② 与其它形容词或副词搭配使用
How old问年龄、年代.
How many问可数名词数量.常将可数名词复数紧随其后.如:
How much询问不可数名词的数量、物品的价格.
How long提问物体的长度、时间的长短.
How soon 对 “in+一段时间 ”提问,表示“多久之后”.
How often对表示频率的副词或短语提问.
How about用来征求对方意见.
How far 问两地间的距离
How tall问人(树)的高度
how heavy问重量
how wide问宽度
how high可以询问建筑物、山峰高度.
③ How可以用来对形容词、副词强调构成感叹句.
How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!
How funny the little boy looks!这个小男孩多有趣啊!
How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊!
❷ the winning car 获奖车
winning 现在分词作定语,表示进行和主动
▲ Once a year, a race is held for old cars.
❶ once a year 一年一次
❷ hold vt. 拿住、握住、保留、举行
hold forth v. 长篇大论地谈、侃侃而谈
hold back 保持、控制
hold down 限制、镇压
hold off 远离、抵制
hold on 坚持、等一下(不要挂断)
be held for 为.......而举行比赛
▲ A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began.
❶ a lot of “许多”,详细用法见语法部分
a great deal of 大量的(加不可数)
a great number of + 可数名词
a great many + 可数名词
a large amount of + 加不可数
many a + 单数名词
a number of + 复数名词
the number of + 复数名词 ......的数量,作主语,谓语动词用单数
plenty of/ a large quantity of / a lot of / lots of + 可数/不可数名词
❷ enter for = sign up for 报名参加(各种竞赛、考试)
I shall enter for the singing competition. 我将报名参加歌咏比赛.
❸ before 在......之前 ★ after 在...... 之后 (后跟名词、代词、动名词、句子)
in front of 在......之前(范围外)★ behind 在......之后(范围外,后跟地点名词)
in the front of 在......之前(范围内)★ at the back of 在......之后(范围内,后跟地点名词)
❹ just before 中的just起强调作用。
▲ One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost.
❶ one of + 复数名词:......其中之一,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
One of the students in our class has attended at the meeting.
⑴ 如果在定语从句中出现了one of 作为先行词,其后面的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词;
⑵ 如果在one of 前面还有修饰词only, 那么后面的关系代词指代one这个词,看作单数。
❷ 形容词最高级:one of the most + 形容词 + 名词复数
比较级修饰语为:much, a lot, far, a little, a bit, eve, still
只能修饰原级的词:very, quite, so, too.
▲ The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels.
❶ unusual adj.“特别的、不寻常的、独特的、别致的”,反义词:usual 普通的、平常的
❷ which had only three wheels 作Benz的定语,故为定语从句
▲ Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part.
❶ built 引导的过去分词短语作状语,说明动作发生的背景或情况,由于built和后面句子同为一个主语it,并且和it形成被动关系,故用过去分词短语作状语。
❷ take part in, join in, join, attend用法区别
take part in 侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动,突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。
join in 参加某一群人的活动
join 加入某组织,成为其中一分子
attend 侧重参加或出席会议或学术活动等。
❸ taking part 参加比赛,作car的后置定语,因为car和take part 形成主动关系,故用现在分词短语作后置定语。
▲ After a great many loud explosions, the race began.
❶ after 是介词短语,表示主句动作发生在此动作之后。
❷ begin v. began, begun开始,相当于start, 即可及物动词,也可作不及物动词。
This company started/ began in 1985.
❸ a great many + 可数名词复数
▲ Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in
them!
❶ many与many of 的区别
⑴ 指代不同
many of:许多;many:许多的。
⑵ 词性不同
many of:是一个短语;many:是一个单词,是形容词性和代词词性。
⑶ 引证用法不同
many of:在英语口语中,many通常用于否定句、疑问句中。在肯定句中many多用于正式文体,相当
于口语中的a lot of或lots of。
many:many用作形容词时后接复数名词,表示许多同样的人或物(但数目不明确),用作主语时,其谓语动词要用复数形式。常用于否定句中。
❷ break down v. (机器)发生故障;(人)垮掉; 粉碎、压倒;失败、破产、衰弱下来
The machine has broken down.
His health has broken down completely.
【拓展】break in 闯入、插嘴
break into 强行闯入、撬开
break out 爆发
break up 结束、驱散、打碎、粉碎
break a fall 减弱落势、减弱下来的力量
break a leg 祝好运、大获成功
break away 突然离开、突然挣脱
break away from 脱离(政党等);打破
break off 中断、突然停止
break down into 分解成.......
break through 突围、冲破、取得突破性成就
break one’s heart 使某人伤心
❸ spend money / time under sth
under the car 指在车下面修理
in the car 指正常驾驶
I spent almost 2 hours under the car, but only 15 minutes in the car!
我花了将近2小时修车,却只开了15分钟。
▲ A few cars, however, completed the race.
❶ a few, few; a little, little
A few + 复数名词 (表肯定);few + 复数名词 (表否定)
A little + 不可数名词 (表肯定);little + 不可数名词 (表否定)
❷ but, however的用法区别
两者均可表示转折或对比,意为“但是”、“可是”、“然而”等,但有区别:
⑴ 表示转折时,but 是连词。
He is young but very experienced. 他虽年轻,但经验很丰富。
He likes sports, but his wife likes music. 他喜欢运动,而他妻子则喜欢音乐。
⑵ however 表示“然而”、“可是”时,有的词书认为它是连词,有的词书认为它是副词。之所以将其视为副词,也许是因为像许多副词一样不仅能位于句首,而且能位于句中(注意前后使用逗号),甚至句末 (注意其前也用逗号)。如:
Later, however, he changed his mind. 可是他后来改变了主意。
He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. 他说情况如此,可是他错了。
注:以上各例中的 however 不能换成 but,但可用 but 来改写。如:
He said that it was so, but he was mistaken. 他说情况如此,可他错了。
⑶当连接两个句子时,其前通常应用分号,或另起新句。如:
It’s raining hard; however, I think we should go out. / It’s raining hard. However, I think we should go out.
雨下得很大,但我想我们还得出去。
注:上例中的 however 不能换成 but,但可用 but 来改写 (注意所用标点的变化)。如:
It’s raining hard, but I think we should go out.
❸ finish 与complete
◇ complete 一般用作及物动词,用法较正式,通常用来表示完成某个计划、理想、事业、工程、建筑、书籍及作品等,后面可接名词或代词,不接 -ing 或不定式。例如:
He's never completed a project on time. 他从未按时完成过计划。
The bridge is not completed yet. 这座桥至今尚未完工。
◇ finish 是普通用语,用得比较广泛,可作及物动词或不及物动词,多用来指“完成”一项任务或活动,后面可接名词、代词或 -ing,不接不定式。例如:
Have you finished your work?你的工作完成了吗?
He finished writing the letter last night. 这封信他是昨晚完成的。
◇ 表示完成学业、精细的工作、吃完某物及在被动结构中表示“一切都完了;没希望了”等意时,均用finish. 例如:
He finished school in 1991. 他1991年从学校毕业。
The wood-work is beautifully finished. 这件木器做得很精细。
▲ The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour -- much faster than any of its rivals.
❶ the winning car 获胜车, winning 现在分词作定语,表示主动和进行
❷ reach vt. 达到 = be up to
The speed of driving a car has reached / been up to 8km/h.
❸ a speed of + 数量词:速度为......
much faster 快得多;a little/ a bit faster 快一点
forty miles an hour = forty miles per hour 40英里/小时
any of its rivals = any rival 任何一个对手
any 在比较级中一旦出现,后加可数单数名词;如果是不定代词,可以说someone else, anyone else.
▲ It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it.
❶ speed downhill 冲下坡
at the speed of ... 以......的速度
slow down ↔ speed up 减速↔ 加速
❷ have / has trouble/difficulty/problems (in) doing sth 做......有麻烦、做......很困难
❸ stop sth/ sb
stop sth/ sb from doing sth 阻止某物/某人做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
stop to do sth 停下来开始做某事
❹ at the end of 在.......的最后
by the end of 到......的最后
in the end 在最后
▲ The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure.
❶ give re
give sb.a fright
give me a fright 你吓了我一跳
give you a surprise 给你一个惊喜
give sb.+ n.
give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物
▲ It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.
❶ be different from = not the same as = not so/ as ...as 不同于.......
the same as = be not different from = as ...as ... 与......相同
❷ no more 和no less 都表示和...一样,only,the same
There are no more than 100 students.
not more,not less 表示不相同的
not less = more
not more = less
not less exciting 更令人激动
no less exciting 一样的激动
no more than you 和你一样
★ Grammar
❶ 形容词的比较级
1、比较级的演变
形容词、副词
一般的形容词、副词
以e结尾的形容词、副词
比较级
直接加er
直接加r
举例
small→ smaller fast→ faster
nice→ nicer fine → finer
easy → easier happy → happier
以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词 把y变i,再加er
以短元音加辅音结尾的形容词 双写辅音字母,再加er
big → bigger hot → hotter
popular → more popular
多音节形容词 较高比较级:more
outgoing → less outgoing
较低比较级:less
比较级等级变化口诀
比较级要变化,一般词尾加-er、-est;词尾若有哑音e,直接加-r/-st就可以;
一辅重读闭音节,辅音字母要双写;辅音字母若加y,切记把y改为i;
如果是个多音节,前面加more就正确;
不规则变化
中文
好
坏
多
少
老
英文
good/well
bad/ill/badly
many/much
little
old
比较级
better
worse
more
less
older/elder
远
far farther/further
2、比较级的修饰词
⑴ 当强调比较的程度时,可以在形容词比较级前使用much, a little, a bit, even, still, a lot, far, by far等,表示程度的进一步增加。
-- She is a little/ a bit taller than he. 他的各自稍微比他高点。
An elephant is much heavier than a horse. 大象比马重得多。
⑵ 比较级前一般不加冠词,但表示两者中比较突出者,且比较级后又有名词或of the two 短语,这时比较级前一定要加the。
-- Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose the cheaper one.
3、比较级的核心句型
⑴ A + be + 比较级 + than + 比较对象 “A比......更......”
-- Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人。
⑵ which/who + be + 比较级, A or B? “A或B,哪一个(谁)更......”
-- Which is shorter, this pencil or that one? 哪只铅笔更短,这支还是那支?
⑶ A + be + 比较级 + and + 比较级 “A越来越......”
-- It’s getting darker and darker. 天正变得越来越黑了。
⑷ the + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语, the + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语 “越......越......”
-- The more she eats, the fatter she will be.
⑸ A + be + as + 原级 + as + B “A和B一样......”
注: not as /so + 原级 + as + B “A和B不一样....../A不如B......”
4、英语中倍数的比较
⑴ “倍数 + as + 原级 + as” 表示“是......的几倍”
-- This room is twice as large as that one.
⑵ “倍数 + 比较级 + than + 其他”
-- The hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
❷ 非谓语动词
⑴ 含义
非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式,其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语,综合这两点,我们将其叫做非谓语动词。
⑵ 非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词包含四种形式,即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。具体形式如下:
不定式:to do(表示主动,并且一般表示将来)
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 老师让我们做早操。
动名词:doing (表示主动)
Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.
现在分词:doing (表示主动和进行)
He sat there,reading a newspaper. 他坐在那里,读着一张报纸。
过去分词:done
及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成;不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。
polluted river 被污染的河流 (及物动词pollute和river之间是被动关系,即“河流被污染”)
fallen leaves 落叶(不及物动词fall和leaves之间是主动关系,即“叶子落下来”)
注意:非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行和将来是相对于谓语动作来说的:和谓语动作同时发生表示进行;发生在谓语动作之后表示将来
⑶ 非谓语动词的作用
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外,其它所有成分都可以做。具体如下。
不定式:做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
To learn a foreign language is difficult .(作主语)学会一门外语是很难的。
It’s easy to see their aunt.(作真正主语,it做形式主语)很容易见到他们的姑姑。
Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.(作宾语)汤姆想要喝杯啤酒。
His wish is to be a driver.(作表语)他的愿望是当一名司机。
I have nothing to say.(作定语)我没有什么可说的。
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . (作宾语补足语)老师让我们做早操。
They went to see their aunt. (目的状语)他们去见他们的姑姑。
动名词:做主语、宾语、表语、定语。
Learning English is very difficult .(作主语)学英语非常困难。
I enjoy dancing.(作动词宾语)我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country.(作介词宾语)我已经习惯了住农村。
His job is driving a bus.(作表语)他的工作是开车。
a swimming pool(作定语)
现在分词:做表语、定语、状语和补语。
The story is interesting.(作表语)这个故事有趣。
He sat there,reading a newspaper.(作状语)他坐在那里,读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.(作定语)这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.(作宾补)他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。
过去分词:做表语、定语、状语和补语。
He is interested in the news.(作表语)他对这则消息很感兴趣。
a polluted river(做定语)一条被污染的河流
Given more time,I can do my work better.(做状语)如果再被多给些时间,我会把工作做得更好。
I found my watch stolen.(做宾补)我发现我的手表被偷了。
⑷ 非谓语动词重难点
1) 须用省去to 的不定式(do)作宾补的11个动词。
五看(see、watch、notice、observe、look at); 两听(hear、listen to)
三使(make、let、have); 一感觉(feel)
根据谐音记忆法,我们可以记做“吾看两厅三室一感觉”。
I saw a big bird fly over the roof of the house yesterday. 昨天,我看到一只大鸟飞过了屋顶。
注意:以上11个动词,也可以接现在分词和过去分词作宾补,但在时间和语态上会有变化,我们以see为例来区分一下。
see sb. do sth. 看到某人做了某事
see sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事
see sb./sth. done 看到某人/某物被......
2) 只接不定式(不能接动名词)作宾语的25个常用动词
want、would like、wish、help、hope、learn、manage、offer、plan、afford、agree、arrange、ask、beg、care、choose、decide、demand、determine、expect、fear、prepare、pretend、promise、refuse
1) 只接动名词(不能接不定式)作宾语的28个常用动词
practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit
4) 既可接不定式也可接动名词,但含义完全不同的8个动词
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事(未做) remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做)
regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事(未做) regret doing sth. 后悔/抱歉做过某事(已做)
try to do sth. 努力做某事
mean to do sth. 计划做某事
can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事
stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情
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