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【前端37

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【前端37

文章目录

- 前言
- Node 原生
- - 创建一个服务：Hello Node.js
  - 支持中文：设置 setHeader
  - 如何判断路由：req.url
  - 内置模块 url
  - 如何返回页面：fs
  - - 文件读取
    - 流读取
  - 处理页面中引入的 JS：设置Content-type
  - 其他资源处理 Content-type：MIME
- 模板引擎
- Koa 框架
- - 创建一个服务：Hello Koa.js
  - 中间件用法
  - 执行顺序：洋葱模型
  - 错误处理：监听 error
  - 路由
  - 使用模板引擎加载页面：koa-views
  - 引入静态外部资源：koa-static
  - 接收 post 请求传递来的参数：koa-body
  - 其他知识补充
  - - 默认请求方式为 get 的几种情况
    - 环境变量：__dirname
- 代码
- - MIME.json

前言

又来写点了，之前玩物丧志，然后跳槽，搬家，安顿，比较折腾了，没怎么学习和记笔记，哈哈哈哈

Node 原生

创建一个服务：Hello Node.js

首先起一个简单的服务，新建一个 js文件，写入以下命令，并用 node xx.js 运行起来，之后在浏览器中访问本地3000 端口。

// 导入内置模块 http
const http = require("http"); 
// 创建服务
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {d("hello Node.js");
});
// 启动服务，监听 3000 端口
server.listen(3000);

支持中文：设置 setHeader

如果我返回一些中文，之后页面会出现如下乱码

const http = require("http");
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {d("你好 Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);

页面出现乱码：Mac

windows 的页面可能是这样的

// 页面
浣犲ソ Node.js

这是因为我们没有设置返回的文字编码，解决的办法就是 添加页面文字编码

const http = require("http");
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {res.setHeader('content-type','text/html;charset=utf-8') // 添加页面文字编码d("你好 Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);

如何判断路由：req.url

可以通过 req.url 判断用户访问的那个地址，req.url 是用户在地址栏中输入的端口号后面的字符串，栗子：localhost:3000/index 或者是 localhost:3000/song。

req.url 也会带 ? 后面的参数，比方说 localhost:3000/song?name=周杰伦 这个时候 req.url 就等于 /song?name=周杰伦 了。

const http = require("http");
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {let url = req.url;res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8"); if (url === "/" || url === "/index") {d("主页");} else {d("其他页面");}
});
server.listen(3000);

内置模块 url

那这样的话就会出现问题，路由会匹配不到的，这时候我们就要想如何拿到不带参数的路由名称。

这里有个新的内置模块 url 他会帮你解析一下

const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");let reqUrl = req.url;let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);	// 解析 url，可以打印一下 realUrl 查看console.log(realUrl);if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {d("主页");} else {d("其他页面");}
});
server.listen(3000);

如何返回页面：fs

文件读取

当我们想要给前端返回一个页面的时候，我们需要先加载一下 html 文件，然后返回

这里在插一嘴：前端的所有路由都是假路由！

首先呢，在项目下新建一个 view 文件夹，里面存放着我么要返回给前端展示的页面html文件

然后写好html ，运行下面的 node 脚本

const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require('fs')
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8"); let reqUrl = req.url;let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);console.log(realUrl);if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {let htmlData = fs.readFileSync('./view/index.html')d(htmlData);} else {let htmlData = fs.readFileSync('./view/other.html')d(htmlData);}
});
server.listen(3000);

当然，如果html文件比较大的话，一次性读到内存，对于比较次的电脑会比较吃力，我们可以通过流读取来优化一下。

流读取

const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");let reqUrl = req.url;let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {// 流方式：节约内存let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/index.html");// 通过管道写到 res 里rs.pipe(res);} else {let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/other.html");rs.pipe(res);}
});
server.listen(3000);

处理页面中引入的 JS：设置Content-type

当我们在 index.html 页面上引入了一个脚本的时候

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title>Document</title><script src="./a.js"></script>
</head>
<body><h2>我是主页</h2>
</body>
</html>

此时，这个 a.js 会有作用吗？

访问一下localhost:3000/ 后，发现报错了

Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token ‘<’

这是我们引入的资源不正确导致的，至于为什么报这个错误，我也不懂~

我是知道 a.js 这个文件页面它没找到，那如何处理呢？我们也需要把这个 js 读出取来，然后放到res里

为什么这么可以呢？浅显的理解就是：当页面发现你引入了 a.js 的时候，会发起一个请求，去后台请求 a.js ，这个是在 createServer 里能打印出来的。

const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");let reqUrl = req.url;let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);console.log(reqUrl);if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/index.html");rs.pipe(res);} else if(realUrl.pathname === '/other'){let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/other.html");rs.pipe(res);} else {// 处理 a.js// 你会发现，在html 中引入的资源也会在 req.url 中找到let rs = fs.createReadStream('./view' + realUrl.pathname)rs.pipe(res)}
});
server.listen(3000);

此时 a.js 就可以正常的引入了，不过会报错，因为找不到 favicon.ico，这个先不用管，或者添加个if条件，也并不是重点，只需要了解知道即可。

我们请求的所有资源都会走 createServer 的，比方说页面中引入了a.js，那么他也会走一遍createServer
比较隐形的例子就是 favicon.ico 了！所以你会疑惑，为什么上面的代码 req 打印了两遍，原因可能是这个哦。

其他资源处理 Content-type：MIME

此时还会有一个问题，所有的资源需要配置适合自己的 Content-type，否则就会出现错误或者失效，比方说我写一个 css ，并在页面中引入

// css 文件
body{background: red;
}

// index.js
// 服务器启动脚本
const http = require("http")
const url = require("url")
const fs = require("fs")
// const mime = require("./mime.json") // 注意这里注释掉了~等会记得松开注释
const path = require("path")
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8")let urlObj = url.parse(req.url)console.log(urlObj.pathname)if (urlObj.pathname === "/" || urlObj.pathname === "/index") {let indexData = fs.createReadStream("./views/index.html")indexData.pipe(res)} else {if (urlObj.pathname !== "/favicon.ico") {// let ext = ame(urlObj.pathname)// res.setHeader("Content-Type", mime[ext])    // 通过请求的资源后缀名，来返回对应的 Content-type 的类型let resData = fs.createReadStream("./views" + urlObj.pathname)resData.pipe(res)}}
})
server.listen(3001);

整体展示如下，注意看一下右边的文件路径。

页面样式如下

而且页面的效果也没有，这个css根本没起作用啊，所以要配置一下

const http = require("http")
const url = require("url")
const fs = require("fs")
const mime = require("./mime.json") // 引入 MIME
const path = require("path")
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8")let urlObj = url.parse(req.url)console.log(urlObj.pathname)if (urlObj.pathname === "/" || urlObj.pathname === "/index") {let indexData = fs.createReadStream("./views/index.html")indexData.pipe(res)} else {if (urlObj.pathname !== "/favicon.ico") {let ext = ame(urlObj.pathname)res.setHeader("Content-Type", mime[ext])    // 通过请求的资源后缀名，来返回对应的 Content-type 的类型let resData = fs.createReadStream("./views" + urlObj.pathname)resData.pipe(res)}}
})
server.listen(3001);

配置后的页面

其中 MIME.json 的代码在文章的最下面。

模板引擎

我单独提取出来了，放在一篇文章里太挤了。

Koa 框架

官网戳我，它是 express 原班人马制作的，比 express 更加轻量。

创建一个服务：Hello Koa.js

可以和原生 node 做个对比

// Node 原生
const http = require("http"); 
const server = ateServer((req, res) => {d("hello Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);

// Koa
const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
app.use((ctx, next) => {ctx.body = "你好";
});
app.listen(3000);

感觉好像也没简单多少啊，别急，看看它是如何处理路由还有其他的功能的。

中间件用法

koa 中引入了中间件这个东西，中间件会把回调函数里面写的功能，添加到 app 实例中去，比方说上面的🌰

app.use((ctx, next) => {ctx.body = "你好";
});

其中 ctx 是 context 的缩写，意为上下文，可以让上下中间件产生关联。

原生 node 中的 res 被 koa 封装到了里，req 也是同理的，这个知识点在 Koa官网中称之为 别名

比方说别人已经封装好了几个功能函数（中间件），我们引入后，拿来 app.use()即可。

app.use() 可以理解为注册

const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
let middleware1 = async function (ctx, next) {console.log("假设我是一个封装好的中间件1");await next();
};
let middleware2 = async function (ctx, next) {console.log("假设我是一个封装好的中间件2");await next();
};
app.use(middleware1);
app.use(middleware2);
app.listen(3000);

其中 next 是转交的功能。会把函数放到异步队列中

执行顺序：洋葱模型

遵循洋葱模型，可以理解成把 next() 替换成下一个中间件的函数语句。

const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
let middleware1 = async function (ctx, next) {console.log("");ctx.body = "hello";await new Promise((resolve) => {setTimeout(() => {console.log('异步操作');resolve()}, 1000);})await next();console.log("")
};
let middleware2 = async function (ctx, next) {console.log("")ctx.body = "world";console.log("")
};
app.use(middleware1);
app.use(middleware2);
app.listen(3000);

上面的代码执行后输出如下

理解过程

错误处理：监听 error

如果那个中间件出现了错误，可以通过监听 error 事件，来打印 & 处理异常。

('error', err => {console.log(err);
})

路由

路由需要我们引入路由组件 require("koa-router")

const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
("/", async (ctx, next) => {// 加载页面der("index.pug");
});
app.utes());
app.listen(3000);

< 就相当于用 get 方式请求后台，其他请求方式类似。

使用模板引擎加载页面：koa-views

有了中间件，可以省了不少的事情，可以跟原生的做个对比~

const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
const views = require("koa-views");
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
// 使用中间件，告诉我们的页面文件的路径在哪儿
// 其中第二个参数：配置模板引擎的格式
app.use(views(__dirname + "/views"), {extension: "pug"
});
("/", async (ctx, next) => {// 加载页面der("index.pug");
});
app.utes());
app.listen(3000);

引入静态外部资源：koa-static

这个组件叫做：静态 web 托管服务中间件

这也是一个外部的中间件，需要 npm install koa-static，你会发现比原生的 fs 模块要简单很多。

基本的思路就是：

通过请求路径获取正确的文件地址
通过地址获取对应的文件
使用Node.js的API返回对应的文件，并设置相应的header

实例：我们先在 index.pug 中引入一个脚本

doctype html
html(lang='en')headmeta(charset='UTF-8')meta(name='viewport', content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0')meta(http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible', content='ie=edge')script(src="a.js")title Documentbodyh1| 测试标题pug

然后执行一下脚本，启动服务

const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
const views = require("koa-views");
const static = require ("koa-static")
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
app.use(views(__dirname + "/views"), {extension: "pug"
});
app.use(static(__dirname + '/static')); // 添加查找静态资源的中间件，配置路径
("/", async (ctx, next) => {der("index.pug");
});
app.utes());
app.listen(3000);

发现可以正常加载脚本！！ok

注意！！！
页面中引入的脚本尽量不去加前缀

在 Node 原生的讲解可以知道，引入外部资源也是一种请求，浏览器会发起一个请求到后台，我们后台需要找到文件并返回给浏览器~

我们用推荐的写法之所以能找到，是因为后端找到了这个资源

如果你用./static/a.js 这样引入的话，你以为页面能够正确引入，实则非也。

原因是因为，如果你是这样声明的话，Node 就会去访问 /static 下的文件，并把它替代成 localhost:3000

下图中是为了验证我的猜想。

所以只需要记住，static() 声明的路径就是页面中要找的资源的最顶层。koa-static 帮我们处理了托管静态文件的路径

// 这里声明成这样子，后端会在遇到请求静态资源的时候，到 dirname + '/static' 这个路径下去寻找
// 前端请求的样子是：localhost:3000/a.js
app.use(static(__dirname + '/static'));

接收 post 请求传递来的参数：koa-body

如需想要获取 post 请求来的参数的话，需要添加这个中间件

不然拿不到 post 发过来的参数，打印出来的也是 undefined

const { koaBody } = require('koa-body');// // [npm koaBody的说明] ()
// 2022-11-30 下面这行的这个引用已经不好使了，根据官方的引用是这样的
// const Body = require('koa-body')
app.use(Body({multipart: true,})
)// 取值
console.quest.body)

取值可以通过来拿到值。

其他知识补充

默认请求方式为 get 的几种情况

有些请求默认是 get 的，比方说地址栏、脚本 scrip 的 src=""、 img 图片的 src、 href=""

环境变量：__dirname

这个 __dirname 是 Node 中的系统变量，它的值是当前所在文件的上一级文件夹的路径。

代码

MIME.json

{ ".323":"text/h323" ,".3gp":"video/3gpp" ,".aab":"application/x-authoware-bin" ,".aam":"application/x-authoware-map" ,".aas":"application/x-authoware-seg" ,".acx":"application/internet-property-stream" ,".ai":"application/postscript" ,".aif":"audio/x-aiff" ,".aifc":"audio/x-aiff" ,".aiff":"audio/x-aiff" ,".als":"audio/X-Alpha5" ,".amc":"application/x-mpeg" ,".ani":"application/octet-stream" ,".apk":"application/vnd.android.package-archive" ,".asc":"text/plain" ,".asd":"application/astound" ,".asf":"video/x-ms-asf" ,".asn":"application/astound" ,".asp":"application/x-asap" ,".asr":"video/x-ms-asf" ,".asx":"video/x-ms-asf" ,".au":"audio/basic" ,".avb":"application/octet-stream" ,".avi":"video/x-msvideo" ,".awb":"audio/amr-wb" ,".axs":"application/olescript" ,".bas":"text/plain" ,".bcpio":"application/x-bcpio" ,".bin ":"application/octet-stream" ,".bld":"application/bld" ,".bld2":"application/bld2" ,".bmp":"image/bmp" ,".bpk":"application/octet-stream" ,".bz2":"application/x-bzip2" ,".c":"text/plain" ,".cal":"image/x-cals" ,".cat":"application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat" ,"n":"application/x-cnc" ,"o":"application/x-cocoa" ,".cdf":"application/x-cdf" ,".cer":"application/x-x509-ca-cert" ,".cgi":"magnus-internal/cgi" ,".chat":"application/x-chat" ,".class":"application/octet-stream" ,".clp":"application/x-msclip" ,".cmx":"image/x-cmx" ,".co":"application/x-cult3d-object" ,".cod":"image/cis-cod" ,".conf":"text/plain" ,".cpio":"application/x-cpio" ,".cpp":"text/plain" ,".cpt":"application/mac-compactpro" ,".crd":"application/x-mscardfile" ,".crl":"application/pkix-crl" ,".crt":"application/x-x509-ca-cert" ,".csh":"application/x-csh" ,".csm":"chemical/x-csml" ,".csml":"chemical/x-csml" ,".css":"text/css" ,".cur":"application/octet-stream" ,".dcm":"x-lml/x-evm" ,".dcr":"application/x-director" ,".dcx":"image/x-dcx" ,".der":"application/x-x509-ca-cert" ,".dhtml":"text/html" ,".dir":"application/x-director" ,".dll":"application/x-msdownload" ,".dmg":"application/octet-stream" ,".dms":"application/octet-stream" ,".doc":"application/msword" ,".docx":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" ,".dot":"application/msword" ,".dvi":"application/x-dvi" ,".dwf":"drawing/x-dwf" ,".dwg":"application/x-autocad" ,".dxf":"application/x-autocad" ,".dxr":"application/x-director" ,".ebk":"application/x-expandedbook" ,".emb":"chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" ,".embl":"chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" ,".eps":"application/postscript" ,".epub":"application/epub+zip" ,".eri":"image/x-eri" ,".es":"audio/echospeech" ,".esl":"audio/echospeech" ,".etc":"application/x-earthtime" ,".etx":"text/x-setext" ,".evm":"x-lml/x-evm" ,".evy":"application/envoy" ,".exe":"application/octet-stream" ,".fh4":"image/x-freehand" ,".fh5":"image/x-freehand" ,".fhc":"image/x-freehand" ,".fif":"application/fractals" ,".flr":"x-world/x-vrml" ,".flv":"flv-application/octet-stream" ,".fm":"application/x-maker" ,".fpx":"image/x-fpx" ,".fvi":"video/isivideo" ,".gau":"chemical/x-gaussian-input" ,".gca":"application/x-gca-compressed" ,".gdb":"x-lml/x-gdb" ,".gif":"image/gif" ,".gps":"application/x-gps" ,".gtar":"application/x-gtar" ,".gz":"application/x-gzip" ,".h":"text/plain" ,".hdf":"application/x-hdf" ,".hdm":"text/x-hdml" ,".hdml":"text/x-hdml" ,".hlp":"application/winhlp" ,".hqx":"application/mac-binhex40" ,".hta":"application/hta" ,".htc":"text/x-component" ,".htm":"text/html" ,".html":"text/html" ,".hts":"text/html" ,".htt":"text/webviewhtml" ,".ice":"x-conference/x-cooltalk" ,".ico":"image/x-icon" ,".ief":"image/ief" ,".ifm":"image/gif" ,".ifs":"image/ifs" ,".iii":"application/x-iphone" ,".imy":"audio/melody" ,".ins":"application/x-internet-signup" ,".ips":"application/x-ipscript" ,".ipx":"application/x-ipix" ,".isp":"application/x-internet-signup" ,".it":"audio/x-mod" ,".itz":"audio/x-mod" ,".ivr":"i-world/i-vrml" ,".j2k":"image/j2k" ,".jad":"text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor" ,".jam":"application/x-jam" ,".jar":"application/java-archive" ,".java":"text/plain" ,".jfif":"image/pipeg" ,".jnlp":"application/x-java-jnlp-file" ,".jpe":"image/jpeg" ,".jpeg":"image/jpeg" ,".jpg":"image/jpeg" ,".jpz":"image/jpeg" ,".js":"application/x-javascript" ,".jwc":"application/jwc" ,".kjx":"application/x-kjx" ,".lak":"x-lml/x-lak" ,".latex":"application/x-latex" ,".lcc":"application/fastman" ,".lcl":"application/x-digitalloca" ,".lcr":"application/x-digitalloca" ,".lgh":"application/lgh" ,".lha":"application/octet-stream" ,".lml":"x-lml/x-lml" ,".lmlpack":"x-lml/x-lmlpack" ,".log":"text/plain" ,".lsf":"video/x-la-asf" ,".lsx":"video/x-la-asf" ,".lzh":"application/octet-stream" ,".m13":"application/x-msmediaview" ,".m14":"application/x-msmediaview" ,".m15":"audio/x-mod" ,".m3u":"audio/x-mpegurl" ,".m3url":"audio/x-mpegurl" ,".m4a":"audio/mp4a-latm" ,".m4b":"audio/mp4a-latm" ,".m4p":"audio/mp4a-latm" ,".m4u":"video/vnd.mpegurl" ,".m4v":"video/x-m4v" ,".ma1":"audio/ma1" ,".ma2":"audio/ma2" 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}

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