希腊字母的读法

2024年2月3日发(作者：)

希腊字母的读法

Αα：阿尔法 Alpha

Ββ：贝塔 Beta

Γγ：伽玛 Gamma

Γδ：德尔塔 Delte

Δε：艾普西龙 Epsilon

δ ：捷塔 Zeta

Εε：依塔 Eta

Θζ：西塔 Theta

Ηη：艾欧塔 Iota

Κθ：喀帕 Kappa

Λι：拉姆达 Lambda

Μκ：缪 Mu

Νλ：拗 Nu

Ξμ：克西 Xi

Ον：欧麦克轮 Omicron

Ππ：派 Pi

Ρξ：柔 Rho

΢ζ：西格玛 Sigma

Ση：套 Tau

Τυ：宇普西龙 Upsilon

Φθ：fai Phi

Υχ：器 Chi

Φψ：普赛 Psi

Χω：欧米伽 Omega

1 Α α alpha a:lf 阿尔法 角度；系数

2 Β β beta bet 贝塔 磁通系数；角度；系数

3 Γ γ gamma ga:m 伽马 电导系数（小写）

4 Γ δ5 Δ ε6 Ε δ7 Ζ ε delta delt 德尔塔 变动；密度；屈光度

epsilon ep`silon 伊普西龙 对数之基数

zeta zat 截塔 系数；方位角；阻抗；相对粘度；原子序数

eta eit 艾塔 磁滞系数；效率（小写）

8 Θ ζ thet ζit 西塔 温度；相位角

9 Η η iot aiot 约塔 微小，一点儿

10 Κ θ kappa kap 卡帕 介质常数

11 ∧ ι lambda lambd 兰布达 波长（小写）；体积

12 Μ κ mu mju 缪 磁导系数；微（千分之一）；放大因数（小写）

13 Ν λ nu nju 纽 磁阻系数

14 Ξ μ xi ksi 克西

15 Ο ν omicron omik`ron 奥密克戎

16 ∏ π pi pai 派 圆周率=圆周÷直径=3.1416

17 Ρ ξ rho rou 肉 电阻系数（小写）

18 ∑ ζ sigma `sigma 西格马 总和（大写），表面密度；跨导（小写）

19 Σ η tau tau 套 时间常数

20 Τ υ upsilon jup`silon 宇普西龙 位移

21 Φ θ phi fai 佛爱 磁通；角

22 Υ χ chi phai 西

23 Φ ψ psi psai 普西 角速；介质电通量（静电力线）；角

24 Χ ω omega o`miga 欧米伽 欧姆（大写）；角速（小写）；角

Pronunciation of mathematical expressions

The pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list

below. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision

is necessary).

1. Logic

9 there exists

8 for all

p ) q p implies q / if p, then q

p , q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent

2. Sets

x 2 A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A

x =2 A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A

A ½ B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B

A ¾ B A contains B / B is a subset of A

A B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B

A [ B A cup B / A join B / A union B

A n B A minus B / the di®erence between A and B

A £ B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B

3. Real numbers

x + 1 x plus one

x ¡ 1 x minus one

x § 1 x plus or minus one

xy xy / x multiplied by y

(x ¡ y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y

x

y

x over y

= the equals sign

x = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5

x 6= 5 x (is) not equal to 5

1

x ´ y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y

x 6´ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y

x > y x is greater than y

x ¸ y x is greater than or equal to y

x < y x is less than y

x « y x is less than or equal to y

0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1

0 « x « 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1

jxj mod x / modulus x

x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2

x3 x cubed

x4 x to the fourth / x to the power four

xn x to the nth / x to the power n

x¡n x to the (power) minus n

px (square) root x / the square root of x

p3 x cube root (of) x

p4 x fourth root (of) x

npx nth root (of) x

(x + y)2 x plus y all squared

³x

y ´2

x over y all squared

n! n factorial

^x x hat

¹x x bar

~x x tilde

xi xi / x subscript i / x suªx i / x sub i

n Xi=1

ai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai

4. Linear algebra

kxk the norm (or modulus) of x

¡O¡!A OA / vector OA

OA OA / the length of the segment OA

AT A transpose / the transpose of A

A¡1 A inverse / the inverse of A

2

5. Functions

f(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x

f : S ! T a function f from S to T

x 7! y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y

f0(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (¯rst) derivative of f with respect to x

f00(x) f double{prime x / f double{dash x / the second derivative of f with

respect to x

f000(x) f triple{prime x / f triple{dash x / the third derivative of f with respect

to x

f(4)(x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x

@f

@x1

the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1

@2f

@x21

the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1

Z 1

0

the integral from zero to in¯nity

lim

x!0

the limit as x approaches zero

lim

x!+0

the limit as x approaches zero from above

lim

x!¡0

the limit as x approaches zero from below

loge y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y

ln y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y

Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical

expressions

and in many cases there is no generally accepted correct" pronunciation.

Distinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds

fx may

be interpreted as any of: fx, f(x), fx, FX, FX, ¡F¡X!. The di®erence is usually made

clear

by the context; it is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to

emphasise

the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: f multiplied by x, the

function

f of x, f subscript x, line FX, the length of the segment FX, vector FX.

Similarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except

sometimes

a di®erence in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following:

x + (y + z) and (x + y) + z

pax + b and pax + b

an ¡ 1 and an¡1

The primary reference has been David Hall with Tim Bowyer, Nucleus, English for

Science

and Technology, Mathematics, Longman 1980. Glen Anderson and Matti Vuorinen have

given good comments and supplements.

3

标点符号的英文读法

用英语读这些符号

． period 句号

， comma 逗号

： colon 冒号

； semicolon 分号

！ exclamation 惊叹号

？ question mark 问号

￣ hyphen 连字符

' apostrophe 省略号；所有格符号

— dash 破折号

‘ ’single quotation marks 单引号

“ ”double quotation marks 双引号

( ) parentheses 圆括号

[ ] square brackets 方括号

Angle bracket

{} Brace

《 》French quotes 法文引号；书名号

... ellipsis 省略号

¨ tandem colon 双点号

" ditto 同上

‖ parallel 双线号

／ virgule 斜线号

＆ ampersand = and

～ swung dash 代字号

§ section; division 分节号

→ arrow 箭号；参见号

＋ plus 加号；正号

－ minus 减号；负号

ª plus or minus 正负号

¬ is multiplied by 乘号

÷ is divided by 除号

＝ is equal to 等于号

≠ is not equal to 不等于号

≡ is equivalent to 全等于号

≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号

≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号

＜ is less than 小于号

＞ is more than 大于号

≤ is not less than 不小于号

≥ is not more than 不大于号

≢ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号

≣ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号

％ per cent 百分之„

‟ per mill 千分之„

∞ infinity 无限大号

∝ varies as 与„成比例

√ (square) root 平方根

∵ since; because 因为

∴ hence 所以

一些特殊符号的英文读法,主要是数学符号.

＜ is less than

＞ is more than

≤ is not less than

≥ is not more than

≢ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号

- hyphen 连字符

≣ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号

' apostrophe 省略号,英文中省略字符用的撇号;所有格符号

％ percent

－ dash 破折号

‟ per mille

∞ infinity 无限大号

∝ varies as 与„成比例

( ) parentheses 圆括号

√ (square) root 平方根

[ ] square brackets 方括号

∵ since; because 因为

《 》 French quotes 法文引号;书名号

∴ hence 所以

„ ellipsis 省略号

∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例

¨ tandem colon 双点号

∟ angle 角

∶ ditto 双点号

≨ semicircle 半圆

‖ parallel 双线号

≦ circle 圆

／ virgule 斜线号

○ circumference 圆周

～ swung dash 代字号

△ triangle 三角形

§ section; division 分节号

≧ perpendicular to 垂直于

→ arrow 箭号；参见号

∪ union of 并，合集

∩ intersection of 交，通集

∫ the integral of „的积分

ª plus or minus 正负号

∑ summation of 总和

¬ is multiplied by 乘号

© degree 度

÷ is divided by 除号

† minute 分

‡ second 秒

≠ is not equal to 不等于号

≡ is equivalent to 全等于号

℃ Celsius degree 摄氏度

≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号

希腊字母表及其读法与意义

希腊字母表

小写大写英文注音国际音标注音中文注音

αΑalpha['aelfa]阿耳法

βΒbeta['bi:ta / 'beita]贝塔

γΓgamma['gaema]伽马

δΓdelta['delta]德耳塔

εΔepsilon['epsilan / ep'sailan]艾普西隆

δΕzeta['zi:ta]截塔

εΖeta['i:ta / 'eita]艾塔

ζΘtheta['ζita]西塔

ηΗiota[ai'outa]约塔

θΚkappa['kaepa]卡帕

ιΛlamda['laemda]兰姆达

κΜmu[mju:]缪

λΝnu[nju:]纽

μνπξΞxi[ksai / gzai / zai]可塞

Οomicron[ou'maikran]奥密可戎

Πpi[pai]派

Ρrho[rou]柔

ζ΢sigma['sigma]西格马

ηΣtau[tau]套

υΤupsilon['ju:psilon / ju:p'sailan]是反c衣普西隆

θΦphi[fai]斐

χΥchi[kai]喜

ψΦpsi[psi:]普西

ωΧomega['oumiga / ou'mi:ga]欧米伽

∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例

∟ angle 角

≨ semicircle 半圆

≦ circle 圆

○ circumference 圆周

π pi 圆周率

△ triangle 三角形

≧ perpendicular to 垂直于

∪ union of 并，合集

∩ intersection of 交，通集

∫ the integral of „的积分

∑ (sigma) summation of 总和

© degree 度

† minute 分

‡ second 秒

＃ number „号

℃ Celsius system 摄氏度

＠ at 单价

x'是x prime(比如转置矩阵)

x"是x double-prime

转载） 英语数字读法

英语,

读法,

数字

中学英语教材中含有许多涉及到数字的内容，如：时间、年龄、价格、距离、号码、尺寸等。许多中学生 抱怨听不懂数字、说不出数字，这是因为对英文数字的组成、排列及读法不太熟悉而造成的。当碰到一个数字 时，不能作出迅速准确的反映，而往往要先在心里进行翻译、默读，这就大大影响了听说英文的能力。本文将 介绍一些数字在不同场合的表达方式、发音特点及相应对策。 一、熟读牢记关键数字 迅速无误识别数字的前提是必须能够流利地读出数字。要从读两位数起，然后练习读三位和四位数乃至五 位或六位以上的数字。其中两位和三位数的读法是读所有数字的基础。英文数字中的每一个逗点的读法也要牢 记：有一个逗点读“thousand”，两个逗点读“million”， 三个逗点读“billion”。还要清楚，每个逗点间 由三位数组成。 英文数字中的第四位数、第七位数、第十位数是很关键的数位。 Examples： 1,234 读作：one thousand,two hundred and thirty-four

4,567,809 读作：four million,five hundred and sixty-seventhousand,eight hundred and nine

5,678,120,000 读作：five billion,six hundred and seventy-eight million,one hundred and twe

nty thousand 二、“-teen和“-ty”的区别 “-teen”和“-ty”是比较容易混淆的一对读音。我们可以通过音和音素的差异来区别两者。 含有“- t een ”的词有两个重音， 即“-teen”要重读，且“-teen”中的元音为长元音[ti:n]，发音长而清晰；而含有 “-ty”的词只有一个重音，即“-ty”不重读，且“-ty ”中的元音为短元音[ti]，发音短而急促。 Examples： fifteen['fif'ti:n]

fifty['fifti] nineteen['nai'ti:n] ninety['naiti] 三、英美数字读法的差异 有时，同样一个数字，英国人和美国人的读法也不尽相同，这无疑会使本来就棘手的数字雪上加霜。如： 部分有一个逗点的数字（四位数），英国人用“thousand”表示，而美国人则多用“hundred”。 再如，有三 个逗点的数字（十位数），美式读法为“billion”， 而英式读法为“thousand million”。因此，熟悉英美 两种不同的读法对消除数字理解上的岐义是十分必要的。请看下面的对照表 例词 英式 美式

1,900 one thousand,nine hundred nineteen hundred 4,000,000,000 four thousand million four

billion 再者，英国英语在百位和十位之间加读“and”， 而美国英语往往不用“and”。比如754这个数字。英国 英语读成seven hundred andfifty-four，而美国英语则读为seven hundred

fifty-four。 此外，在某些时间表达上，英美也有不同的读法，这点在下一部分具体说明。 四、时间的表达法 表达时间的方法有三种，其中最为普遍的一种是先说分，再加介词“past”或“to”，然后说小时。若分 数为15分、30分、45分，则用“quarter”、“half”代替具体的分数。习惯上，

分数加在30分以内，用“pa st”，如过了30分，用“to”。美国英语中，常用“after ”代替“past”，用“before”（或till）代替“ to”。 Examples： 8:00 读作：eight o'clock或eight 9:15 读作：a qusrter past nine（英式） 或 a quarter after nine（美式） 11:30 读作：half past eleven（英式） 或 eleven thirty（美式） 7:50 读作：ten to eight（英式） 或 ten before eight（美式） 表达时间的另一种方法是不用介词，先说小时数，再说分数。这种表达法多用于与汽车、火车、轮船、飞 机等相关的情境中，如发车时间、到站时间等。 Examples： 4: 读作：four-thirty

p.m. 5: 读作： 最后一种方法是日常生活中最不常用的24小时制。如：用14:15 （fourteen-fifteen）代替2:15 p.m，用 23:05（twenty-three-oh-five）代替11:05

p.m.。这种用法主要出现在官方的时刻表上和电台的正式报时中。 五、年、年代、世纪的表达法 年、年代、世纪的读法也给中学生带来不少麻烦，在此，我们将分别举例说明。 年的表达用基数词，一般有两种读法。 Examples： 541 B.C. 读作：five four one B.C 或 five hundred fourty-one B.C

1800 读作：eighteen hundred 1701 读作：seventeen oh one 或 seveteen hundred and one 2000

读作：two thousand 年代指十年（decade），采用“基数词加上十位数复数”的形式来表示，前面与介词“in”和定冠词“th e”搭配。 Examples： in the 1840's 读作：in the eighteen fourties

（十九世纪四十年代） in the 1950's 读作：in the nineteen fifties（二十世纪五十年代） in the

'60's 读作：in the sixties（本世纪六十年代） 如要表示一个年代的初期、中期、末期， 可在年代前分别加“early，mid，late”。如：in the early 1770's；in the late 1590's。 世纪指一百年（century），用“the＋序数词＋century”表示。 Examples： in the 2nd century 在二世纪 in

the mid 13th century 在十三世纪中叶 世纪给人们带来的一个麻烦是，怎样确定某年属于哪个世纪。我们可以简单地概括为：在百位数中加1，再 去掉两位尾数， 即得世纪数。如：725年在百位数上加1，去掉两位尾数25，得8，因此725年属八世纪。再如： 1103年在百位数上加1去掉两位尾数03，得12，故1103 年属十二世纪。 六、序数词的特殊用法 序数词是用来表示顺序的数词。 除了几个特殊的序数词（如first，second，third）外，它都是在与之相 应的基数词尾加“-th”构成的，前面一般要加定冠词，如the fourth，the eighth，the tenth。 但在谈编了号的东西时，仍可用基数词来表示顺序。 如果数字较长，象电话号码、房间号、住址号、车牌号等，不仅可以用基数词代替序数词，而且读的方法 也常常简化，不用基数词通常的读法，而是将数字分别单独读出来。

Examples： 电话号码 505—6610 读作：telephone number five oh fivedouble six one oh 第344房间 读作：Room three four four 七、分数、小数、百分数的读法 分数词是由基数词的序数词合

成的，分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示，除了分子是“1”的情况外， 序数词都要用复数形式。

Examples： 1/3 读作：one-third 7/12 读作：seven-twelfths 1/2 读作：a（one）half 3/4 读作：three quarters 2 1/2 读作：two and a half 比较复杂的分数读法如下： 20/87 读作：twenty over

eighty-seven 33/90 读作：thirty-three over ninety 小数的读法：小数点读作“point”，小数后各位数要分别读， 小数点前的数若为“0”可略去不读。 Examples： 2.468 读作：two point four

six eight 0.157 读作：（zero）point one five seven 百分数由“per cent”表示 Examples： 20％

读作：twenty per cent 16.09％ 读作：sixteen point zero nine per cent

Symbol What it is How it is read How it is used

Addition sign

Logical OR symbol ... plus ...

... or ... Sum of a few values

Logical disjunction

Multiplication sign

Logical AND symbol ... times ...

... and ... Product of two values

Logical conjunction

Multiplication sign ... times ... Product of two values

Summation sign The summation of ... Sum of many or infinitely many values

Integral sign The integral of ... Integration

Subtraction sign

Minus sign ... minus ...

Difference of two values, negative number

Plus/minus sign ... plus or minus ... Expression of range, error, or tolerance

Dot product sign ... dot ... Scalar (dot) product of two vectors

Cross product sign ... cross ... Vector (cross) product of two vectors

Product sign The product of ... Product of three up to infinitely many values

Carat ... to the power of ... Exponent

Exclamation ... factorial Product of all positive integers up to a certain value

Continuation sign ... and so on up to ...

... and so on indefinitely Extension of sequence

Slash ... divided by ...

... over ... Division

Division sign ... divided by ... Division

Percent symbol ... percent ... Proportion

Per mil symbol ... per mil ... Proportion

Colon

Ratio sign ... is to ...

... such that ...

... it is true that ... Division or ratio, symbol following logical quantifier or used in

defining a set

Vertical line ... such that ...

...it is true that ... Symbol following logical quantifier or used in defining a set

Double colon ... averaged with ... Arithmetic mean

Lemniscate ... infinity

... increases without limit Infinite summations

Infinite sequence Limit

Parentheses ... quantity ...

... list ...

...set

...open interval Denotes a quantity, list, set of coordinates, or an open interval

Square brackets ... the quantity ...

... the closed interval ... Denotes a quantity or a closed interval

Hybrid brackets ... the half-open interval ... Denotes a half-open interval

Hybrid brackets ... the half-open interval ... Denotes a half-open interval

Curly brackets ... the quantity ...

... the set ... Denotes a quantity or a set

Equal sign ... equals ... Indicates two values are the same

Proportionality sign ... is proportional to ... Indicates two variables change in direct

proportion

Similarity sign ... is similar to ... Indicates two objects are geometrically similar

Approximate equal sign ... is approximately equal to ... Indicates two values are close

to each other

Inequality sign ... is not equal to ... Indicates two values are different

Inequality sign ... is less than ... Indicates value on left is smaller than value on right

Inequality sign ... is less than or equal to ...

... is at most equal to ... Indicates value on left is smaller than or equal to value on

right

Inequality sign ... is greater than ...

... is at most equal to ... Indicates value on left is larger than value on right

Absolute value sign The absolute value of ... Distance of value from origin in number line,

plane, or space

Inequality sign ... is greater than or equal to ... Indicates value on left is larger than

or equal to value on right

Increment sign

Triangle symbol The change in ...

Triangle ... Indicates a small change, Denotes vertices of triangle

Existential quantifier For some ...

There exists a(n) ... Logical statements

Universal quantifier For all ...

For every ... Logical statements

Logical negation symbol not ... Logical statements

Logical implication symbol ... implies ...

If ... then ... Logical statements

Logical equivalence symbol ... is logically equivalent to ...

... if and only if .. Logical statements

Three dots ... therefore ...

... it follows that ... Logical statements or mathematical proofs

Element-of symbol ... is an element of a set ... Sets

Not-element-of symbol ... is not an element of a set ... Sets

Subset symbol ... is a subset of ... Sets

Proper subset symbol ... is a proper subset of ... Sets

Union symbol ... union ... Sets

Intersection symbol ... intersect ...

... intersected with ... Sets

Null symbol The null set

The empty set Sets

Hebrew aleph (uppercase) Aleph ... Transfinite cardinal

Degree symbol ... degree(s) Angular measure

Temperature

Greek theta (lowercase) ... theta ... Angular variable

Greek phi (lowercase) ... phi ... Angular variable

Greek lambda (lowercase) ... lambda ... Wavelength

Ratio

Eigenvalue

Lebesgue measure

Greek mu (lowercase) micro- (10-6) Prefix multiplier

Greek pi (lowercase) ... pi ... General science

Greek omega (uppercase) ... omega ... Volume of an object

Ohms (resistance)

Greek omega (lowercase) ... omega ... Transfinite ordinal

Angular velocity

Period

Enhanced or bold N The set of natural numbers Number theory

Set theory

Enhanced or bold Z The set of integers Number theory

Set theory

Enhanced or bold Q The set of rational numbers Number theory

Set theory

Enhanced or bold R The set of real numbers Number theory

Set theory

大写 小写 英文注音 国际音标注音 中文注音

Α

α alpha alfa 阿耳法

Β

β beta beta 贝塔

Γ

γ gamma gamma 伽马

Γ

δ deta delta 德耳塔

Δ

ε epsilon epsilon 艾普西隆

Ε

δ zeta zeta 截塔

Ζ

ε eta eta 艾塔

Θ

ζ theta

ζita 西塔

Η

η iota iota 约塔

Κ

θ kappa kappa 卡帕

∧

ι lambda lambda 兰姆达

Μ

κ mu miu 缪

Ν

λ nu niu 纽

Ξ

μ xi ksi 可塞

Ο

ν omicron omikron 奥密可戎

∏

π pi pai 派

Ρ

ξ rho rou 柔

∑

ζ sigma sigma 西格马

Σ

η tau tau 套

Τ

υ upsilon jupsilon 衣普西隆

Φ

θ phi fai 斐

Υ

χ chi khai 喜

Φ

ψ psi psai 普西

Χ

ω omega omiga 欧米伽