中石油2016通用英语选读课文53Oil Refining石油炼制

2024年2月8日发(作者：)

53. Oil Refining

石油炼制

y Refining

1.粗炼

eum refining is the process of separating the many compounds<混合物>

present<目前的> in crude process is called fractional distillation<分馏> where the crude oil is heated;the various compounds boil at different

temperatures and change to gases;and are later recondensed

back into primary refining processes are the distillation of the feedstock into its basic fractions<馏分>,and then the re-distillation of these,in separate towers,into highly concentrated<浓缩的，浓度的> intermediates.

2.石油炼制是将原油中的多种混合物进行分离的过程。原油经过加热后，其中的不同组分将在不同的温度下沸腾并气化，随后又经冷凝浓缩转化为液体，这个过程称为分馏。粗炼工序是将进料蒸馏成为其基本组分，然后再将这些组分在单独的炼塔中再蒸馏成为高浓度的半成品。

lation is the start of the refining process where the crude oil is split<分开，分裂> into a number of parts or separation is made on the basis of

boiling-point and groups of hydrocarbons boiling within a certain range are produced.

The theory of distillation is very longer the carbon chain,the higher the

temperature at which the compounds will crude oil boils,it sends out

vapor<蒸汽> and condenses<冷凝>.All the different hydrocarbons in crude oil are at

different their vapors all make separate liquids (fractions).The split

are usually grouped into three categories:light distillates(LPG<液化石油气>,gasoline<汽油>,naphtha),middle distillates(kerosene<煤油>,diesel<柴油>),heavy distillates and residuum(heavy fuel oil,lubricating oils<润滑油>,wax<蜡>,asphalt).

3.蒸馏是炼油工艺流程的开始。在这一过程中，原油分割成若干部分或馏分。依据不同的沸点进行分离，就能生产出一定沸点范围内的各类碳氢化合物。蒸馏的原理很简单，碳链的长度越长则化合物的沸点越高。原油沸腾时，放出蒸汽，然后冷凝。原油中各种烃类的沸点是不同的，不同烃类的蒸汽形成不同液体（馏分）。蒸馏产品主要分成三类：轻馏分油（液化石油气、汽油、石脑油）；中间馏分油（煤油、柴油）；重馏

1

分油和渣油（重燃料油、润滑油、蜡、沥青）。

oil is distilled in a very large steel<钢> tower,the technical name of which is

the “fractionating tower.”The tower is thirty to fifty meters tall and its diameter is one

to three is divided into “chambers,”each

of which contains a layer of trays.There are holes in

the vapors go through these holes and condense on the

chambers are at different heights,and the temperature at each height is

temperature inside the tower is highest at the bottom,and it is lowest at the

each layer of trays is cooler than the layer below are not enough chambers

of different temperatures in one tower,so two or three towers are needed.

4.石油的蒸馏是在一个很大的钢塔内进行的。塔的专业名称叫“分馏塔”，高度为30~50米，直径为1~3米。塔分为若干个“室”，每个室都有一层塔盘。塔盘有许多孔，蒸汽通过这些孔，冷凝在塔盘上。各个室的高度不同，各个高度的温度也不同。塔内底部的温度最高，顶部的温度最低。因此，每层塔盘的温度都低于下一层塔盘的温度。一个塔内不同温度的室是有限的，一次蒸馏满足不了需要，所以就要使用两个或三个塔。

the first tower there is very large furnace<火炉，熔炉>,the “pre-heater,”

where the temperature of the oil is raised to 340 degrees Centigrade<摄氏>.The

boiling oil and vapors then flow from the furnace into the fractionating

flow into a chamber near the of the oil with the heaviest hydrocarbons

makes no oil—the “residue”—drops to the bottom and flows out of the

tower bitumen<沥青> and other heavy materials will be made from the

the other hydrocarbons in the oil make vapors which float up the tower to

different chambers.

5.在第一个塔附近有一个很大的炉子，称为预热炉。在预热炉内，原油的温度提高到340℃，然后，沸腾的油和蒸汽流入分馏塔，首先进入底部室内。含有最重烃类的那部分油不会产生蒸汽。这种油，即“渣油”，沉降到底部，重新从塔内流出。之后，这种渣油可制取沥青和其他重质原料。油中所有的其他各种烃类都产生蒸汽，上升到塔内各个室里。

the vapors rise into the cooler part of the fractionating tower,they lose heat.

The vapors rise until they are just below their own boiling they

condense on a tray and turn into a liquid liquid on each tray flows into a

separate small tower where the liquid breaks down<分解> into smaller

2

separation of the hydrocarbons is then more distilled then flow through

separate pipes<管子> into separate storage tanks<储油罐>.

6.当这些蒸汽升入分馏塔温度较低处时，就会失去热量，直到它们的温度略低于各自的沸点温度时停止上升。这时，它们就在塔盘上冷凝，重新变成液体。每个塔盘上的液体再流入一个单独的小塔内，在此分出更窄的馏分。这样烃类的分离就更精细了。经过蒸馏的各种馏分流入单独的管线，进入单独的贮油罐内。

cuts with boiling-points over 350℃ are required it is necessary to do the

distillation under the vacuum<真空> to reduce the temperature at which the material

boils,as some high-boiling compounds start to decompose<分解> when heated to

their boiling-point at atmospheric pressure.

7.要取得沸点在350℃以上的馏分时，蒸馏必须在真空条件下进行，以便降低原料的沸腾温度。因为，一些高沸点的成分在大气压力下加热到其的沸点时，就开始分解了。

ary Refining

8.精炼

secondary processes are designed (1)to remove any impurities<杂质> from

the distilled fractions,and (2)to convert<转化> some of the distilled hydrocarbons

into different molecular<分子> sion processes can produce

hydrocarbons which do not exist in reservoir crude.

9.精炼工序要实现下列目的：（1）从已蒸馏的组分中清除杂质；（2）将某些蒸馏得到的烃类转化成不同的分子结构，生产出油藏原油中不曾有的烃类。

10.(1) All crudes contain organic sulphur compounds<有机硫化物>(e.g.,H2S,

mercaptans)which will be carried out over from the column<圆柱，列> into

the resulting gases,distillates and residues.The higher

the density<密度> of a crude,the greater its sulphur<硫> cuts are corrosive

and possess<拥有> an extremely<极端地，很> objectionable odor<气味，名声>.The secondary refining process for the treatment of

toxic,corrosive and evil-smelling<气味极臭的>

sulphur-compound impurities is known as “sweetening<脱硫>.”Caustic washing<碱洗，氢氧化钠洗> and hydrodesulphurization<加氯脱硫> are finishing processes

designed to remove H2S and mercaptan impurities.

3

10.（1）所有原油都含有机硫化物（比如硫化氢、硫醇），从蒸馏塔中出来的蒸馏液、渣油和气都带有硫化物。原油的相对密度越大，硫的含量也就越高。酸性杂质是有腐蚀性的，而且气味极臭。对这种有毒的、有腐蚀性的、气味极臭的硫化物杂质进行处理的精炼工艺称为“脱硫”。碱洗和水洗脱硫是两种精炼工艺，用以脱去硫化氢和硫醇等杂质。

11.(2)In conversion processes,the structures of natural hydrocarbon molecules are

one such process,known as “cracking<裂化>”,large hydrocarbon

molecules are cracked or broken to form two or more smaller can be

done by the action of heat and pressure alone(thermal cracking<热裂化>) or by

heat in the presence of a suitable catalyst(catalytic cracking).When

hydrocarbons are heated to temperatures exceeding<超过> about 450℃ they begin

to decompose,the large molecules breaking or “cracking” into smaller ones.A catalyst

is a chemical material which helps other materials to change chemically,but it does

not change main purpose of cracking is to increase the yield<产量> of

lighter,more valuable fractions from medium and residual a particular

feedstock has been cracked,the various products resulting from the process can be

separated out in a fractionating tower.

11.（2）在转换工序中，天然烃分子的结构要发生变化。在一种叫做“裂化”的转换工序中，大的烃分子裂解成，或者说分裂成两个或更多的较小分子。这种裂解可以单靠加热和加压（热裂化）的方法进行，也可以在适当的催化剂的作用下加热催化裂化。碳氢化合物加热到450℃以上就开始分解，结果大分子分裂或“裂化”成较小的分子。催化剂是一种化学物质，它促进其他物质发生化学变化，而它本身并不变化。裂化的主要目的是从中间和底部的组分中生产更多的价值更高的较轻组分。在对某一种进料实行裂化时，由此而产生的不同产品可以在裂化塔中分离出来。

4