英语-51阅读理解技巧-主旨题(main idea)

2024年11月22日发(作者：)

第五十一讲 阅读理解主旨题（main idea)作

答技巧

一 学习目标

1. 了解什么是英语阅读理解主旨题。

2. 了解主旨题又可以分为哪几类。

3. 掌握每种类型的主旨题怎么作答。

4. 掌握用最新试题验证作答方法。

二 考点解析

1. 主旨题通用做法

仔细阅读『黄金四句话』——首尾段首尾句

仔细阅读黑体字.小标题等

寻找全文出现频率最高的key words

找到说明对象或论点

⊙ 主旨题实战——2016高考 A

Dear Alfred，

I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.

Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150 at 17, I’m

anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADIID(注意力缺陷多动障碍).

Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.

However, when something did interest me, I could bee absorbed. In high school, I became

curious about the puter, and built my first website. Moreover, I pleted the senior course of puter

Basics, plus five relevant pre-college courses.

While I was exploring my curiosity, my disease got worse. I wanted to go to college after high

school, but couldn’t . So, I was killing my time at home until June 2012 when I discovered the

online puter courses of your training center.

Since then, I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics. Currently, I’m

learning your Probability course. I have hundreds of printer paper, covered in self-written notes

from your video. This has given me a purpose.

Last year, I spent all my time looking for a job where, without dealing with the public , I could

work alone, but still have a team to talk to. Luckily, I discovered the job—Data Analyst—this

month and have been going full steam ahead. I want to prove that I can teach myself a respectful

profession, without going to college, and be just as good as, if not better than, my petitors.

Thank you. You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good

about myself because I’m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel

whole.

This is why you’re saving my life.

Yours,

Tanis

56. Why didn’t Tanis go to college after high school?

had learned enough about puter science

B. She had more difficulty keeping focused

preferred taking online courses

was too slow to learn

57. AS for the working environment, Tanis prefers____.

A .working by herself

g with the public

against others

g with ADHD students

wrote this letter in order to_____.

n why she was interested in the puter

the ideas she had for her profession

C .show how grateful she was to the center

be the courses she had taken so far

主旨题

细节题

细节题

⊙ 主旨题实战——2016高考 B

Surviving Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)

Natalie Doan，14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few

blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the wave from her house. “It’s the ocean

that makes Rockaway so special,” she says.

On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East

Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalie’s family escaped to Brooklyn

shortly before the city’s bridge closed.

When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of

Natalie’s friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were

suffering, especially the elderly. Natalie’s school was so damaged that she had to temporarily

attend a school in Brooklyn.

In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie.

Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to

helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to

elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.

“My mom tells me that I can’t control what happens to me,” Natalie says. “but I can always

choose how I deal with it.”

Natalie’s choice was to help.

She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to halp. Natalie

posted introduction about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collecting when his

house burned down. Within days, Patrick’s collection was replaced.

In the ing months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new

basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to

bring much-need supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was

invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.

Today, the scars(创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The

streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. “I can’t imagine living anywhere but

Rockaway,” Natalie declares. “My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”

Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane ,she found______.

friends had lost their lives

neighborhood was destroyed

school had moved to Brooklyn

elderly were free from suffering

ing to paragraph4,who inspired Natalie most?

people helping Rockaway rebuild

people trapped in high_rise building

volunteers donating money to survivors

teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people

did Natalie help the survivors?

gave her toys to the kids

took care of younger children

called on the White House to help

built an information sharing platform

does the story intend to tell us?

people can make a big difference

B.A friend in need is a friend indeed

or West,home is best

logy is power

细节题

细节题

细节题

主旨题

⊙ 主旨题实战——2016高考 C

California Condor’s Shocking Recovery

California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wind-length of up to 3 meters. In the

1980s, electrical lines an d lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric

shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.

In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than

150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.

Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t

see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap

between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.

So scientists have e up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the

birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before

the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped

to 18%.

Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other

animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems

and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with

high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a

chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The

annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.

Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just

under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he

says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”

rnia condors attract researchers’ interest because they .

active at night

to be bred in the wild

found on in California

died out in the 1980s

64. Researchers have found electrical lines are .

ng condors’ journey home

B. big killers of Califorbnia condoras

C. rest places for condors at night

D. used to keep condors away

ing to Paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning .

condors too nervous to fly

B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys

C. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ blood

D. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds

passage shows that .

average survival time of condors is satisfactory

t’s research interest lies in electric engineering

efforts to protect condors have brought good results

chers have found the final answers to the problem

2. 从『黄金四句话』中读什么？

①读首尾段相同的名词.动词等

thank,birds, recover

②读首尾段的逻辑

因果，现象-解决办法，研究-结论，事件-感悟

③读作者的态度.观点

转折词往往体现真实意图 however, but, though, in fact, actually, in other words, on the

contrary等

三 练习题

A

篇（

2015·

新课标

Ⅱ

）

More students than ever before are taking a gap year(

间隔年

) before going to university. It used

to be the “year off” between school and university. The gap-year phenomenon originated(

起源

)

with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the

start of the next academic year.

This year, 25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put

off their entry until next year, according to statistics on university entrance provided by the

University and College Admissions Service (UCAS).

That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins from

UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education. “Students who take

a well-planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with, and plete, their chosen course.

Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible,” he said.

But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students

(NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship – young people are being forced

into earning money before finishing their education. “New students are now aware that they are

likely to leave university up to

￡

15,000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and more students

are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that

over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during

vacating periods,” he said.

1) What do we learn about the gap year from the text?

is flexible in length.

is flexible in length.

is increasingly popular

is required by universities

B篇（2015浙江）

From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible

failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the

teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they “know” all the words they are reading. This

means that when they don’t know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of

everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid

them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.

One day soon after school had started, I said to them, “Now I'm going to say something about

reading that you have probably never heard a teacher say before. I would like you to read a lot

of books this year, but I want you to read them only for pleasure. I am not going to ask you

questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. If you understand enough of a book

to enjoy it and want to go on reading it, that's enough for me. Also I'm not going to ask you what

words mean. “

The children sat stunned and silent. Was this a teacher talking? One girl, who had just e to us

from a school where she had had a very hard time, looked at me steadily for a long time after I had

finished. Then, still looking at me, she said slowly and seriously, Mr Holt, do you really mean

that?” I said just as seriously, “I mean every word of it.

During the spring she really astonished me. One day, she was reading at her desk, From a

glimpse of the illustrations I thought I knew what the book was. I said to myself, “It can’t be,” and

went to take a closer look. Sure enough, she was reading Moby Dick , in edition with woodcuts. I

said, “Don’t you find parts of it rather heavy going?” She answered, Oh, sure, but I just skip over

those parts and go on to the next good part. “

This is exactly what reading should be and in school so seldom is, an exciting, joyous adventure.

Find something, dive into it, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it, go

on to something else. How different is our mean-spirited, picky insistence that every child get

every last little scrap of “understanding” that can be dug out of a book.

(1)According to the passage, children’s fear and dislike of books may result from________.

g little and thinking little

g often and adventurously

made to read too much

made to read aloud before others

(2)From the teacher's point of view,_________ .

en cannot tell good parts from bad parts while reading

en should be left to decide what to read and how to read

g is never a pleasant and inspiring experience in school

g involves understanding every little piece of information

C

篇

Boston College is a state-supported college on the east coast of England which has been

recruiting overseas students for over 20 years and now has almost 200 international students from

more than 20 different and your parents can be sure you will receive the care and

support you need to succeed at our college.

We have excellent teaching staff, with time and patience to help you learn in a stimulating but

relaxed atmosphere. We are accredited by the British Council for the quality of our English

language teaching so you can be sure your learning experience will be good.

Our new modular English course is flexible and enables you to choose the best time to join

only will you cover all aspects of the English language but you will have the choice of

option subjects such as IELTS Preparation, British Culture, Literature, Business English or Study

will assess your level of English when you arrive so you can be sure you will study with

students of the same s are small: usually 12

～

16 students so you will receive the

individual attention you need to help you succeed.

Boston College is based on two main campuses with English courses being taught in our

state-of-the-art language building convenient for our Hall of Residence on the Rochford

Campus.A-Level and International Foundation classes are taught on both Rochford and De

Montfort ooms are modern and well equipped with a number of specialist

facilities for photography and video, puter suites, art and music studios and an all weather sports

campuses have large Learning Resource Centres, well equipped with puters for student

use, also available for research or assignment diploma courses include catering,

hairdressing, puting and engineering, each with its own specialist facilities. We also have a Music

Centre providing teaching rooms, recording studio and concert hall.

Notes

：

diploma n.

文凭

(1)From the above passage, we can know ________.

College is owned by the British government

campuses in Boston College are far away from downtown

's no better college for overseas students in Britain

of the classrooms in Boston College have modern equipment

(2)What is the purpose of the above passage?

introduce the British education system.

invite more overseas students to study in Boston College.

show the modernization of British society.

tell new students the rules in Boston College.

D

篇

Oxford University has introduced confidence classes for female students to get them to pete for

jobs in future and win chances to work in best panies.

They may be young and gifted, but research at the excellent institution has found that female

undergraduates(

大学生

)are shying away from applying for jobs in banking, finance, management

consultancy(

咨询

), engineering and resource management. Partly as a result, starting salaries for

women when they graduate are on average

￡

2

，

000 to

￡

3

，

000 lower than their male

counterparts.

“Women are earning less on leaving is ridiculous

，

”said Jonathan Black, the careers

service director at the university.“We have high quality and high achieving students of both

it appears that women are selecting lower paid jobs. They accept more prejudice in

certain industries and are saying 'I won't struggle for that really high paid job'. We are not trying to

push loads of women but we are trying to say, you should feel able to apply for these sorts of

seem to have more self-confidence and see the bigger picture generally, even though

their self-belief is not necessarily based on any greater academic advantage.”

The four-day programme at Oxford will help 45 female undergraduates improve their

self-confidence and decision-making, think positively and build up their strengths. Confidence

training will teach them how to deal with the opposition and challenging situations.

Successful female employees from RBS and BP, which are supporting the course, will talk

about their lives and careers. RBS's involvement follows a promise by the bank to increase its

national percentage of female graduate applications from 35 percent to 50 percent by 2014.

Sophie Kelley, 20, studying law at Oxford, is hoping the course will make her more confident in

courses and interviews.“I am applying to London's law firms for vacation schemes and it is so

petitive

，

”she said.“The rejection letters don't give any real feedback(

反馈

), so I'm expecting the

programme might give me a hand and some advice.”

Notes

：

①institution n.

社会公共机构，制度，制定

②counterpart n

与对方地位

.

作用相当的人

(

或物

)

③gender n.

性别

④prejudice n.

偏见，成见

(1)What can we learn from Paragraph 5?

and BP will admit females from now on.

will create more job chances for girls in future.

will be the only choice for female undergraduates.

female undergraduates from Oxford can apply to RBS.

(2)What can we learn about Sophie Kelley?

hopes to benefit more from the programme.

has been rejected by the programme at Oxford.

feels the programme is ridiculous in modern society.

isn't fit for the world of petition and challenges.

答案

A篇（1）C

（1）C 由短文第―段 More students than ever before are taking a gap year(间隔年) before

going to university可知，过间隔年学生比以前多了，第三段第一句话 That is a record

14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.可知体验间隔年数量上升

了14.7%，说明越来越受到欢迎，因此选C

B篇 (1)D (2)B

(1) D题目的意思是根据文段孩子们害怕或者是不喜欢读书是因 .根据第一段第四行

"This means that when they don’t know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right

in front of everyone."

意为这意味着当他们不知道单词的时候，他们会犯错，而且是在所有的人面前犯错，

这会给他们带来一些害怕。

(2) B 四个选项的意思分别是A孩子在阅读的时候不能够区别好的部分以及不好的部分；

B应该留给学生孩子自己去选择，读什么以及如何读；C在学校阅读永远不会是一

个愉快和启发性的体验；D阅读需要理解每一部分的信息。其实根据常识可以判断

C和D是错误的，然后再结合全文大意，作者认为孩子不应该是强迫去读，要让

他们自己读，选择材料读。

C篇（1）D（2）B

（1）D 此题A选项的干扰最大。学校是由政府资助(support)，并非国有。

（2）B 短文系招生广告，提及学校的诸多优势来吸引留学生。

D篇（1）B（2）A

(1) [第五段第二句话的．..increase its national percentage offemale graduate

说明B项正确。]

(2) [文章最后一句话的．..soI'm expecting the programme might give me a hand and

advice说明A项正确。]